Alternative Medicine :: essays research papers fc

Throughout the last few years alternative medicine has drawn a ton of attention towards itself. brand-new ideas and new styles of this medicine are introduced into the media everyday. Despite all the attention to this new trend what do we actually know about it? Is it safe? What studies have been through with(p)? In a time when people are looking for a change and living life to the fullest these new methods of medicine seem to be retributory the answer were looking for. Conventional aesculapian practitioners say that this new style of medicine is bogus and is dangerous because there is no solid march it actually works. Although alternative medical doctors say this kind of medicine cures even better without using the pills, drugs, and shots that conventional medicine uses. Despite the argument between these dickens sides the best possible cure for ones self should be instead of choosing a specific method to serve well yourself use a combination of the 2 to help heal.This subj ect of alternative medicine relates to many people in todays world. The media, the government, and even parents and children have something to do with this vast new discrepancy of medicine. alternating(a) medicine continues to grow every year, which makes it a very important issue in our society, in fact 40% of American use some form of herbal or other alternative medicine in the world today (Jonas). This fact just shows how widely used this method is. According to a survey of 1,539 adults in 1990 and 2,055 in 1997, use of at least one type of alternative therapy during the previous year jumped from 33.8 percent in 1990 to 42.1 percent in 1997 (Mann). These facts show just how fast alternative medicine is exploitation. The option to ignore the use of alternative medicine is gone. For how much this new method of medicine is growing it is almost impossible to overlook.The subject of alternative medicine is a two-sided argument. On one side you have the conventional or western medic al practitioners and on the other side you have the alternative medical doctors. Both sides have a strong argument towards the other. Is it that conventional physicians are not sensible regarding alternative techniques, or is it that alternative physicians dont know how the body actually works (Lin)? What my question is, is why cant both these medicines be used together? Dr. Joseph Jacobs, a former director of the NIH office of Alternative Medicine and a Yale trained physician believe that if used properly these two styles of medicine combined together can work far better than one alone (Langone).

Sanitation and Housing Conditions Alexandria, Virginia Essay -- Urban

Alexandria is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia and is recognized as one of the best places to zippy and do business on the east coast. The citys urban planning showcases the citys vibrant, diverse, historic, and unique neighborhoods. Urban planning began there in the 19th Century. Urban populations rose drastically, and a host of problems came with it unsanitary conditions, overcrowding, and corruption of government. Economic depressions promoted a climate of social unrest, violence, labor strikes, and disease (Rose, 1997). In the start-off of the 19th century, development of American cities often took a compact, mixed-use form, reminiscent of that found in places like old town Alexandria. By the early 20th century, the charge was on the geography of water supplies, sewage disposal, and urban transportation (Virginia Places, 2010). This paper will discuss the citys historical and current sanitation computer program and housing accommodations for sewage dis posal. Before the 19th Century, sewage disposal was virtually unknown until the first American cities were built around the 1700s. Human waste was in the beginning disposed of in the woods, but some wealthy Virginians built large houses and utilise chamber pots to do their business indoor(a)s, and the contents would be thrown into the second yard. Later, as towns developed, waste was tossed into the streets to decompose or be washed away in the rainstorms (Virginia Places, 2010). Privies or outhouses were also built in back yards and were commonly used to dispose of waste. Toilets, also known as water closets, were put into homes in the mid 19th Century in the United States. The water closet had indoor plumbing where piping was run through the roof, and a gravity ... ...thier ecology making the city easier to sustain into the coming years. Works CitedFrederick Law Olmsted (2009). FrederickLawOlmsted.com . Retrieved December 28, 2010, from http//www.fredericklawolmsted.com /Lifeframe.htm floor (2010). Alexandria Sanitation Authority (ASA). Retrieved December 28, 2010, from http//www.alexsan.com/Levy, J.M. (2011). Contemporary Urban Planning (9th ed). Upper Saddle River, NJRose, J. K. (1997, November 8). The city beautiful movement. University of Virginia. Retrieved December 28, 2010, from http//xroads.virginia.edu/cap/citybeautiful/city.htmlSewage interposition in Virginia (2010). Virginia Places. Retrieved December 28, 2010, from http//www.virginiaplaces.org/waste/sewer.htmlUrban planning (2010). World Lingo Translation. Retrieved December 28, 2010, from http//www.worldlingo.com/ma/enwiki/en/Urban_planning

The Effective Use of Tone in Flannery OConnors A Good Man is Hard to

The Effective Use of Tone in Flannery OConnors A Good Man is Hard to Find Flannery OConnors sententious bill, A Good Man is Hard to Find, begins with a Southern family preparing to go on what seems to be a typical vacation. The story is humorous at first-class honours degree because the reader is unaware of how the story will end. The tone changes dramatically from amusing to frightening and plays an important part in making the story effective. The narrator starts the story giving background information about the grandmother and her son, Bailey. The narrator explains that the grandmother didnt want to go to Florida (320). Although a major conflict could result from her dislike of the familys prize of vacation spots, it does not. When the grandmother first speaks she asks Bailey to read a newspaper article that she has found. She attempts to change his mind about not going to Florida, by saying, Here this curse that calls himself The Misfit is aloose from the Federal Pen a nd headed toward Florida and you read here what it says he did to these people... (320). Bailey does not ...

One Fat Summer - Analysis Of Important Theme Essay -- essays research

One Fat Summer by Robert Lipsyte, is a very good book for teenagers that feel insecure some themselves and have poor self-esteem. In the book they will read about a young boy name, Bobby who conquers his fears of being fat and being bullied by Willie, mavin that is much stronger then him physically, but not emotionally. The basic theme of this story is to stand up for yourself no matter the situation. Willie, the antagonist of the story accidentally makes Bobby overcome his fears and stand up to him. In a way Willie could be a protagonist because he helps Bobby overcome his fears. Willie is a crazy person that doesnt know what he is doing. It all started in the summer when Bobby, an overweight fifteen year old is embarrassed to take his clothes off and swim in the beach because he is embarrassed that people would make fun of his wobbly legs and stomach, yet that isnt the his worst fear. He had taken swimming lessons the last summer, but quit because he started to enlighten a lo t of weight. He tries to discount the nasty remarks people say about him, but they stay in his mind. He can sort of ignore it because his best friend, Joanie has the ugliest nose on the face of the earth, but she doesnt care a bit about what other people think, which makes her Bobbys mentor, kind of. Bobby finds himself a hard low paying ancestry. It doesnt matter to him how much it pays, but he wants to feel secure about himself that he can do something in his life except eat. The job is to mow a lawn f...

Canto 8 of Dante’s Inferno Essay -- Dantes Inferno Essays

In recent discussions of Canto 8 of Dantes Inferno, many scholars have argued ab push through Dante the pilgrims polemic abuse of one of the wrathful sinners of the fifth circle, Filippo Argenti. The altercation among the two is viewed in numerous lights. From one perspective it is seen as unjustified (ira mala) because Dante is seen as guilt-ridden of the sin being punished for in this circle, but also because his response was wrongly motivated. Others state that Dantes anger was righteous (ira bona) because there was proper cogitate behind it. Kleinhenz, one particular scholar, argues that Dantes outburst at Filippo Argenti is a result of the praise Dante received after initially criticizing the sinner. In his book, Inferno 8 The Passage Across the Styx, he maintains that Virgils praise is perhaps wrongly motivated and consequently, that Dantes reaction to Fillipo Argenti in this canto is equally erroneous. Kleinhenz alludes to this point in his interpretation of Luke 1127, where a woman who is praising Jesus is correct in her exaltation of the Mother and Son, but her praise is inappropriate to the situation. By analyzing the parallels between Virgils praise and the biblical verse, Kleinhenz argues that both Virgil and Dantes actions are inappropriate and therefore ira mala. John A. Scott, however, views Dantes outburst as being justified. In his book,Understanding Dante, Scott argues that Florence was very much a part of Dantes life and that Filippo Argenti was an ostentatious man whose arrogance and insolent display of wealth as well as corrupt nature is viewed synonymously with Florences decline. Therefore Scott argues that Dantes rage was appropriate because it was inspired by the new decadence of Fl... ...is anger can be viewed as ira bona and ira mala simultaneously. Wishing further pain upon Argenti in order to receive further praise from his mentor is an unreasonable excuse, but nerve-racking to become a better pupil and person by doing as h is mentor says is reasonable. Becoming furious as a human instinct is rational, whereas doling out punishments while you are only a human is not. Dante did not react to the sinner in the way that he did for only one reason, instead he had many reasons to respond as he did.Works CitedAlghieri, Dante. Inferno. New York Oxford UP, 1996. Print.John A. Scotts Understanding Dante, Univ. of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Indiana, 2004 (210-11) Kleinhenz, Christopher. Inferno 8 The Passage Across the Styx. Lectura Dantis. dark-brown University. No. 3 Fall 1988 21 pars 21 Sept. 2009 .

Canto 8 of Dante’s Inferno Essay -- Dantes Inferno Essays

In recent discussions of Canto 8 of Dantes Inferno, many scholars have argued about Dante the pilgrims controversial abuse of integrity of the wrathful sinners of the fifth circle, Filippo Argenti. The altercation between the two is viewed in numerous lights. From angiotensin-converting enzyme perspective it is seen as unjustified ( angriness mala) because Dante is seen as guilty of the sin beingness punished for in this circle, but also because his response was wrongly motivated. Others state that Dantes anger was righteous (ira bona) because there was proper reasoning behind it. Kleinhenz, one particular scholar, argues that Dantes outburst at Filippo Argenti is a result of the sycophancy Dante received after initially criticizing the sinner. In his book, Inferno 8 The Passage crossways the Styx, he maintains that Virgils praise is perhaps wrongly motivated and consequently, that Dantes reaction to Fillipo Argenti in this canto is equally erroneous. Kleinhenz alludes to thi s point in his interpretation of Luke 1127, where a woman who is praising Jesus is correct in her exaltation of the Mother and Son, but her praise is inappropriate to the situation. By analyzing the parallels between Virgils praise and the biblical verse, Kleinhenz argues that both Virgil and Dantes actions atomic number 18 inappropriate and therefore ira mala. John A. Scott, however, views Dantes outburst as being justified. In his book,Understanding Dante, Scott argues that Florence was very more than a part of Dantes life and that Filippo Argenti was an ostentatious man whose arrogance and insolent display of wealth as well as corrupt reputation is viewed synonymously with Florences decline. Therefore Scott argues that Dantes rage was appropriate because it was inspired by the new decadence of Fl... ...is anger can be viewed as ira bona and ira mala simultaneously. Wishing further pain upon Argenti in order to receive further praise from his mentor is an unreasonable excuse, but trying to become a better pupil and person by doing as his mentor says is reasonable. Becoming furious as a human instinct is rational, whereas doling out punishments while you are only a human is not. Dante did not react to the sinner in the way that he did for only one reason, instead he had many reasons to serve as he did.Works CitedAlghieri, Dante. Inferno. New York Oxford UP, 1996. Print.John A. Scotts Understanding Dante, Univ. of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Indiana, 2004 (210-11) Kleinhenz, Christopher. Inferno 8 The Passage Across the Styx. Lectura Dantis. Brown University. No. 3 Fall 1988 21 pars 21 Sept. 2009 .

Global world challenges for muslim

Globalization has a big influence to Muslim populations and it brings enormous impacts to the serviceman in every single aspect. Plus, international economy is one of the big(p) things happened directly proportional to the rise of globalization. The concept of globalization brings the culture of macrocosm competitive among people and surely Muslims are Included. Countries around the origination compete with to each one other In order to come the superpower as the top global populations.Though America Is believed to be eager in the near future, but lock in its influence on the global economy will probably make them to remain strong. This coffin nail be seen through the efforts made by the United States nation showing their ability to resolve global crises and their soft power in the field of economy (New Straits Times, 2012). In that matter, they will be able to engagement against Incoming competitors to surpass them so that they will remain being the first among equal. However, for Muslims communities,TLS phenomenon has become a challenge for them as the chances in dominating the global scotch sector still far way.As Muslims hold lesser chances to be as one of the top rank countries, they tend to follow and adapt what have been pose by the Western. Instead of creating an innovative ideas and great productivity, these issues will create an windburnt culture among Muslims communities where they will belief behind In economic- based sector and thus, nice passive communities. In short, less attention given to Muslims has actually become a minor obstacle for this population to play forward towards success.In jibeition to that, most(prenominal) Muslims who are living in underdeveloped entries are facing a big problem of dominating the world economics even to get manifold the global economic sectors is another issue. As a result to fewer chances provided for Muslims in this sector, this will only prune or limit the Muslims achievement towards the success of this sector. Surely, Muslims will not be able to show the world their talents In organizing this economic field so that to gain others certainty about their own ablest that the world has misinterpreted for every now and then.Likewise, the world will see Muslims as weak, fragile and useless communities living together in a small alienated population. To add this, Hannah, (n. D) also comes out with a smart argumentation saying that military man resources act as path to the development of Muslim communities. This however explains the critical element, human resources need attention from Muslims community If they aspire to be significant In the global economic. In other words, the economic growth will likely be depended on the human productivity values itself, which need to be developed and strengthened due to recent global competition.Another element which also becomes a great challenge for Muslim populations in the immediate future is educational activity. Education h as becomes great indicator to measure the development of certain countries and communities, since education shapes the future of a uncouth whether to be success or not. The world perceives changed easily through great education and knowledge. The problem in education arises when Muslims are not given the aforesaid(prenominal)(p) and equal chance to desire knowledge like the Western people. People in Western country may have big opportunity in seeking knowledge as they own most of the great universities in the world.Warren Buffet, the intelligent investor, has shown the world how a brilliant guy survives to come the most self-made person in the world. (Kenton, 2014) The excellence in academic does contribute much in constructing the strategies for Buffet to become a Billionaire today. Meanwhile, that opportunity does not happened in the same way for Muslim communities. As they have been isolated within a big community when they migrate to a Western country, they are not being giv en same privileges in education as well.The challenges faced by Muslims to further their studies become harder when there are only limited chances in education provided for Muslim populations. This forever has a very much dependency with the aspect of Muslims mixer background. To be cleared, most Muslim countries all around the world keep up the issue of p all overty. Not only being the subject of poverty, Muslims are also subjected to discrimination and prejudices for they have always be seen as unimportant to become versed even to seek knowledge.All in all, Muslims who do afford to pay the graduate(prenominal) amount of educational fees will choose not to further their study to reduce their burden of having to pay expensive educational fees. This will result in their in their interest towards education, where they will be no longer interested to seek knowledge as they have been dropped out due to incomplete fees payment, as well as the lacking of formal education. Even though this case is sort of common among Muslim countries, yet it also attacks the Western as well.For example, being a rich and well developed country like America has neer stopped this country to urge their students with expensive educational fees. This will cause the school drop-outs to find other alternatives as a mean of continuing their life(Reemerged, n. D). In short, education plays as an important element which triggers ones well life being, thus the limitations in education among Muslim populations has become a prominent barrier for them to move forward. The problem of getting an education does not stop there. This is because, even Muslim communities have their own restrictions in seeking knowledge in some countries.This is what happens in Saudi Arabia in which the women have not been only restricted to seek knowledge, yet they are also not allowed to drive and authoritative the permission from their mannish guardians(Saudi Arabia, 2013). In other words, restriction to gain kn owledge is also considered as one of the barriers happened within the Muslim communities that may lead to the declination of cordial development among populations. To have a great country also means to acquire a great society. Every culture and society in the world today is facing many complex moral and kindly challenges.The major issue in developing social values in the Muslim communities is the influences of social media. The development of human behavior begins at the early age of children. Being in rapid growth stage has however asses teenagers and children to Just follow blindly what they may perceive as unfeigned without having any detailed experimentation to it. This increases their chances to be and others. All in all, these can be seen through their peculiar attitudes as well as preparation style. Feller highlights the rise of pornographic elements in childrens clothing in United States leads to further moral decline (Feeler, 2013).This culture is unhealthy because it p romotes the unethical manners in dressing thus encourages teenagers to dress in that way. Len other words, minor factor sometimes can also be racial to a problem whether it helps to reduce the problem or to boost the problem causing it to be more serious. With no doubt, pornographic issue in dressing style has actualities the sub or minor contributor to the larger problem which are teenage pregnancy and baby dumping. This sounds shocking but it does happen. In Malaysia, for example, a Muslim country, the case of unwed teen pregnancy has reached to the critical stage (Shah, 2014) at this recent day.This issue is well related to the moral declination where it is initiated by the improper education and guidance from parents. The statistic of four consequent years research shows that more than one thousand unwed teen pregnancies have occurred in Malaysia, starting from 2010 to 2013. This indicates the huge number and most unpredictable statistic in Malaysia involving the under-age teen agers. According to Alicia Shah (2014), as cited in Mad Hussy, the total number of unwed teen pregnancies for two year between 2011 and 2012 is 8405 Another challenge which has always become a nightmare for the Muslims is Claustrophobia.It is understandable that challenges towards Muslims do not only occur in the field of economy, education and social but also in a way Muslims receive feedbacks from the people all over the world. To be cleared, Claustrophobia refers to a form of racism being denominate to Muslims (Marci, 2004). Without realizing, the voice of anti-Muslim has been rapidly spread to global world, especially in the Western country. Muslims have been viewed as terrorists in the eyes of Western people.Head (2013) agrees that, Western people have always misinterpreted Muslims as a symbol of violence besides of their intractability to make any changes whenever they have been asked to. Even though, it is not the actual guru that reflect the true Islam yet Muslims have suff ered this for quite long time. According to Harmony, there are some misunderstandings of peoples views, failure to differentiate between true Islam and extremism which later becomes the root of Claustrophobia(Harmony, 2014). Claustrophobia doesnt represent itself but it has been shaped by peoples perspective.For example, the Western who are being too judgmental towards Muslims always reflects any bad deeds done by Muslims as a mean to describe Islam as a whole. Later, they conclude that Islamic teachings as a form of terrorism. In other word, Westerners bad perception towards Muslims can be reduced once they understand and open ways for Muslims to explain what Islam is all about. Plus, inabilities of Muslim communities themselves to give the correct picture of Islam also boost Claustrophobia. This is again used by teethe radical Islamic terrors to describe Islam as a whole.Likewise, Claustrophobia affects the entire world of Islamic community. The huge impact can be seen in Muslim territory after the official term of Claustrophobia has been claimed, declared and well spread to the whole Western countries. One example can be seen through the tragedy of 9/1 1 here Muslims have been blamed for that tragedy as well as the bombing of the world art centre building. This lead to the establishment of many organizations Western land (The year in hate and extremism, 2014). The Claustrophobia has been portrays how social media gather all blames towards Muslims at any global issue of criminals.Moreover, the treatments Muslim at the West Country get are also dreadful to relief in that critical moment. Muslims have been pictured as bad, immoral, cruel and deviated from society. At the meantime, the world will not welcome Muslim populations even they keep increasing number every now and then. N short, this federal agency will spread the feeling of hatred on Muslim populations worldwide thus preventing Muslims to develop well (Claustrophobia explosion in I-J, 2002) After a ll, Muslims need some strategies to stir their quality of life in the global world.As in the field of economics, Muslims should be able to convince the world of their capabilities in economic-based sector. One best example to aid this idea is that, Muslims should be more competitive with the outside world. This perhaps can be portrayed through the high-quality products of local Muslim populations being exported all over the world. As a result to this, the world especially the Western will at least start to rethink of their bad perceptions given to Muslim communities. Besides, Muslim leaders should make ways for Muslims to be among the global economic competitors.So that the respect and chances will help to build up and develop the whole country. This sector closely related to the achievement on the education and academic sector, where the people have to be educated to keep on producing the great, innovative and productive products and works in the global world. As for the educatio n, the restriction is no longer relevant for Muslim immunities, since people are born to be developed with the knowledge they have. Plus, the restriction to gain education between genders should be vanished thus portraying men as being superior in all aspects of life than the women should be stopped.This can be proven throughout several great of women in todays world. Morocco can be considered as one among the other countries which realizes the importance of womens contribution in education for the country. To sponsor this, Morocco does encourage its women to become the religious leaders to guide the society through the service of personal counseling. In short, with this great alternative will actually acts as a medium to provide Muslims with a better chance of being educated thus to prepare living in a world of high technology (Sultan, 2012).Muslim country has been figured as poor country among countries all over the world. So, in order to improve the level of current development of Muslim country, Muslims themselves need to strengthen the human resources that may indicate how strong they are to survive in global power economically. Teenage must be notice by their parents or guardians at the most of their activities. Teenagers with high exposure to immoral and unhealthy activities may have a higher tendency to get compound with the social problems.

A Tale of Two Cities

Every city is unique in its own way and has features that make it well-known and stand out from the rest. each city is identified by approximatelything famous that can be seen in it. Dubai and Delhi ar devil cities that ar known. The things to do, the nature and beauty, and level of development in Dubai and Delhi argon quite different from each other. Dubai and Delhi deem various things to do and places to go. Firstly, Delhi is a historical city with a lot of monuments from the 13th century A. D.Monuments such as the Kutub Minar, Red Fort which is a very old building made completely from spices and rock instead of cement, Parliament House which empowers a glimpse of the British architecture. There is the well-known Connaught Place which is a shopping paradise as solely the goods ar low-priced. On the other hand, Dubai is a new city which was make 40 years ago. The tallest building in the world resides in Dubai and it has various malls with several choices of shopping and ve ry competitive prices because of no custom duty, therefore it is called the give up port.Dubai alike has the largest gold market in the world with tons of gold being displayed with minimal security. There argon other activities such as dune bashing and deep see fishing. Dubai has a lot of sun throughout the year. Hence its white sandy beaches be quite popular with the citizens and tourists. Secondly, the nature and beauty of Delhi and Dubai are quite similar, from the exotic rose gardens and Mughal gardens to the River Yamuna flowing by the edges of Delhi. A lush green canopy of trees surrounds the entire city of Delhi.Likewise, Dubai has a lot of greenery with irrigate bodies throughout the city. There are parks with all facilities such as play areas, barbeque pits and fountains. Both Delhi and Dubai have zoos with all sorts of animals to look out for. Furthermore, Dubai has 8 months of excellent weather ext suppressing from October to May. Whereas, Delhi has extreme weather, e ither its really hot or really cold. Lastly, the level of development in both cities has increased substantially everywhere the years.The infrastructure is built to an A- partitioning city level due to the Common Wealth games that were recently held. Delhi also has a very convenient metro establishment that connects to all parts of the city. Commuting from one are to another is quite effortless because of the auto rickshaws. The transport system runs on the CNG, therefore pollution levels have been reduced to a considerable level. Dubai has excellent infrastructure with wide roads and state of the art building. It is a new city that has been built to perfection in the last 10 years.Dubai also has a world class metro system with driverless trains connecting to all parts of Dubai and it is also connected to buses which are available at every corner of the street. Ferries also run for people wanting to cross the creek from Bur Dubai to Deira and back. In addition, the creation of D elhi is very high. It is almost equal to the population of the whole of U. A. E. Therefore traffic is very high due to a large number of vehicles on the road. The traffic in Delhi is probably twenty propagation more than it is in Dubai.The crime rate in Dubai is very low and you can move around the city at 2 am without either fear as Dubai police is very efficient. This is not the case in Delhi. The crime rate is quite high and being out of the house afterwardward sunset is at your own risk. In conclusion, these two cities are very different from each other and at the same time share some similarities. Factors such as the things to do, nature and level of development make the two cities unique in their own way.A tarradiddle of 2 CitiesChapter 1 v Years Later 1. What interval of time has passed since Dr. Manettes release? 2. light upon the interior of Tell discussions argot and its employees. 3. Who is the odd business organisation man of Tellsons Bank? What does he do? 4. How did Mr. Cruncher refer to the year? (Anno Domini) 5. What trace is given as to Mr. Crunchers iniquity seam? 6. suck up Mr. Crunchers treatment of his wife. 7. Of what did his business derivation consist? 8. What further hint is given by adolescent Jerry as to his fathers night occupation? Chapter 2- A Sight 1. What is Old Bailey? 2. What is Tyburn? 3. constitute the entrance of the prisoner. 4. place the prisoner. 5. What is the charge against him? 6. What is the prisoners name? 7. Give an account in degree of the charges against him. 8. Who in the court- room attracts the lineup of the prisoner? Chapter 3- A chagrin 1. What is the name of the man who cracked the prisoners guilt? 2. line of reasoning the questions asked of Robert Cly. 3. What is Mr. lorrys affidavit? 4. What is the heart and soul of lady friend Manettes testimony? 5. What coincidence arises in the midst of the trial? 6. What is its way outs? 7. Who is the man involved? 8. What is the effect of this action brought intimately by the prisoners lawyer, Mr.Stryver? 9. What hint of Jerry Crunchers night occupation is mentioned? 10. What does Mr. Stryver prove to the jury? 11. What is the outcome of the trial? 12. Had has Carton been affected by look out over Manettes faintness? Chapter 4 felicitous 1. wherefore did Dr. Manette look so strangely at Mr. Darnay after the trial? 2. What is Sydney Cartons attitude toward Lucie Manette? Chapter 5 The jackal 1. Explain the title of this chapter. 2. What is the human relationship between Mr. Stryver and Mr. Carton? 3. Describe Cartons method of on the job(p). 4. Has Mr. Stryver, too, become interested in Lucie Manette? . Is Sidney Carton at all regretful of his wasted bread and butter? Chapter 6 Hundreds of People 1. What is Dr. Manettes means of support? 2. Who ofttimes visits the class of the doctor and Lucie? 3. What reminder did Dr. Manette keep of his days in captivity? 4. Describe Miss Pross. 5. What s she upset some ? 6. How did Miss Pross and Mr. dray Feel about Dr. Manette keeping his work bench and tools? 7. Did the Hundreds of People have the appearance _or_ semblance at the home? 8. itemise the incident about the Tower. 9. What effect is produced by the account of the footseps being heard? 10. Chapter 7 Monseigneur Town . What idea of conditions in France do we get from the description of the Monseigneur? 2. How are conditions in France emphasized by the description of the Farmer General? 3. What heartless cruelty is described in connection with the marquess? 4. What intended comfort did DeFarge give the father? 5. What idea of stipend did the Marquis have? 6. What effect is produced by the presence of Madame Defarge with her knit? Chapter 8 Monseigneur in the estate 1. What evidence of poverty is shown? 2. What take of Monseigneur is made by the brusk woman? 3. Is her request granted? 4.Relate the incident of the road methadone. 5. About whom did the Monseigneur inquire as he reached the door of his chateau? Chapter 9 The Gorgons Head 1. What is a gorgon? 2. Describe the relationship between Charles and his uncle. 3. Is Charles in sympathy with the deeds of his family? 4. What is the effect of their discussion on the uncle? 5. only what takes place at the end of the chapter? Chapter 10 Two Promises 1. What is Charles Darnays occupation in England? 2. How successful is he? 3. Note his conduct in his interview with Dr. Manette in which he declares his love for Lucie. 4. Does Dr.Manette suffice favorably to Mr. Darnay? 5. Does Dr. Manette wish Charles Darnay to reveal his identity? 6. What is the effect of the interview on Dr. Manette? Chapter 11- A Companion Picture 1. What is Stryvers credit of himself? 2. Does his name reflect his casing? 3. How does Stryver feel about Miss Manette? 4. What is his advice about Carton s marrying? why does he give it? Chapter 12- The teammate of Delicacy 1. What is Mr. camions reaction to Mr. Stryvers reportment of his intention to intimate to Lucie? 2. How did the matter proceed? 3. What is the outcome of the discussion? 4. Did Mr.Stryver feel that he would not be legitimate? 5. How did he react when Mr. Lorry came to report? Chapter 13 The Fellow of No Delicacy 1. What is Sidney Carton doing at the beginning of the chapter? Why? 2. What effect do Lucies words have upon him? 3. What are his closing words to her? Chapter 14 The Honest Tradesman 1. To whom does this title refer? 2. What hint is there in the enthusiasm of the son for the funeral? 3. How does the sight of the funeral impress Mr. Cruncher? 4. Whose funeral was it? 5. Describe the scene that follows when the crowd learns that it is the funeral of a spy. 6.What further hints are there of Jerrys trade? 7. What did he announce on reversive home? 8. What does he announce on returning home? 9. Note his warning to Mrs. Cruncher. 10. Note the effect on the son of the fathers words. 11. What did five-year-old Jerry do? 12. What did y oung Jerry escort? 13. Describe the fishing and the tools used. 14. How did young Jerry react on seeing the object of the fishing? 15. What inferences as to the success of the fishing shipment did young Jerry make the hobby morning? Why? 16. Note the conversation between father and son on their way to Tellsons Bank.Chapter 15 knit 1. What important item in the storys dapple is revealed in this chapter? 2. What determines this action? 3. Who is included in the registering? 4. How is the registering in order to keep it a occult? 5. Who relates the fate of the assassin? 6. Why did DeFarge take the road mender to see the royalty and nobility? 7. What does Madame DeFarge tell the man seated next to her in the world conveyance when he asked her what she was knitting? Chapter 16 button up create from raw material 1. What is Barsad doing in France? 2. Were French police in league with the revolutionists?What shows this idea? 3. What fate is in computer storage for Barsad? 4. Wh at made DeFarge depressed? 5. What reasoning did his wife use? 6. What is the operate on of the rose? 7. What does Madames description mean? 8. How successful is Barsad in trying to get culture about the peoples attitude about the assassin Gaspards execution? 9. Explain DeFarges reaction to being addressed as Jacques. 10. What effect did Barsads news of the attack marriage of Miss Manette ad Charles Darnay have upon Monsieur and Madame DeFarge? 11. Does Madame Defarge have any pity? Chapter 17 One Night . What does Dr. Manette tell Lucie? 2. What change of wedding will it be? 3. Where will Lucie and Charles live after the wedding? Chapter 18 Nine Days 1. Whom had Miss Pross hoped would marry Lucie? 2. Where is the honeymoon to be spend? 3. What did Dr. Manette do after the acceptance couple had left? 4. Who watches over the doctor? 5. How long did Dr. Manette remain thus? Chapter 19 An Opinion 1. Did Dr. Manette think it would happen again? 2. What becomes of the shoemaking tools, leather, and bench? 3. Is it with Dr. Manettes permission? Chapter 20 A Plea 1.What does Carton ask of Darnay? 2. What does Darnay reply? 3. How does Lucie feel about Carton? Chapter 21- Echoing Footsteps 1. Why the title of this chapter? 2. What did Stryver ask Darnay, and what did Darnay act? 3. What is Stryvers comment? 4. What happens in Paris? 5. What cell did DeFarge demand to see? 6. How many prisoners are released? Chapter 22 The Sea Still Rises 1. What news does DeFarge bring to the drink shop? 2. What is done to the victims of the doughnut? 3. What did Madame DeFarge mean by her reply Eh, well, almostto DeFarges remark, At last it is come, my dear ? Chapter 23 Fire Rises 1. What is the tocsin? 2. What happens at the chateau? Chapter 24- Drawn to the Loadstone swing 1. What is a loadstone? 2. Where does the French nobles gather in London? 3. Who is going to Paris to bump bank records? 4. Who is going with him, and in what capacity? 5. How does Stryver feel about the French nobles? 6. What was in the letter addressed to the Marquis St. Evermonde, and who wrote it? 7. What did Darnay do? 8. What task did Darnay entrust to Mr. Lorry? 9. What two letters did Darnay bring out?A Tale of Two CitiesA Tale of Two Cities is not just about the struggles of Paris and London, during the time of the French Revolution. It is also about the tender injustice and the struggle for class vengeance. One character, Madame Defarge, is tied into all of this. This stern, bitter woman has a loathing monster in her soul. Towards the end of the book, the reader discovers why she is so resentful of the speed class. Nevertheless, in the beginning of the book the reader ascertains that Dickens takes a side he considers the rebels little better than savages.Dickens frequently makes the connection that the anarchy of the band in France could also occur in England. For example, at Rodger Clys funeral, the mob raids shops and sets fire to various objects. Dickens s ubtly points out how this is also happening in France during the French Revolution, except in France it is at a much higher scale. When this was written, in 1859, Charles Dickens tries to warn England not to allow the topsy-turvydom of France to come to England. Even though Dickens says the mob is wrong, he maintain that the uppercases treated the lower class as human at their disposal.The story of the Marquis slaughter of Madame Defarges brother and the rape of her sis describes how the aristocrats maltreated the peasants and how that is past of the struggle for justice. On a smaller scale, the killing of Gaspards boy is yet again a kindly injustice to the commoners of France. The Marquis St. Evremonde has at a time more killed an innocent victim. The aristocrats have brought much pain, mental and physical, to the revolutionaries. Dickens, to show how cruel the aristocrats had been, has Monsiegneur momentarily stop and give the father a coin for the loss of his son.The working class of France was abused and demanded vengeance. But soon, paradoxically, the commoners are in charge. Social injustice again spreads, like a disease, to everyone. The tables are dour and now the criminals are the jailers and the jailers are the criminals. Even the innocent workers of the aristocrats are imprisoned. The lower class goes so far with vengeance that they lose sight of the main goal, to fish filet injustice. Again the innocent are victimized, such as the poor woman behind Sydney Carton on his way to the La Guillotine.Furthermore, even those who disavow their family are penalize. This is the situation of Charles Darnay who is being punished for his family crimes. Soon it is the aristocrats who are dealing with a class struggle of their own. At a glance, A Tale of Two Cities shows the struggles of two cities during this stressful time period, that if the reader looks closer they can see that it is truly about the class struggle and the vengeance of repressed people in London and Paris.A Tale of Two CitiesChapter 1 Five Years Later 1. What interval of time has passed since Dr. Manettes release? 2. Describe the interior of Tellsons Bank and its employees. 3. Who is the odd job man of Tellsons Bank? What does he do? 4. How did Mr. Cruncher refer to the year? (Anno Domini) 5. What hint is given as to Mr. Crunchers night occupation? 6. Describe Mr. Crunchers treatment of his wife. 7. Of what did his business stock consist? 8. What further hint is given by young Jerry as to his fathers night occupation? Chapter 2- A Sight 1. What is Old Bailey? 2. What is Tyburn? 3. Describe the entrance of the prisoner. 4.Describe the prisoner. 5. What is the charge against him? 6. What is the prisoners name? 7. Give an account in detail of the charges against him. 8. Who in the court- room attracts the notice of the prisoner? Chapter 3- A Disappointment 1. What is the name of the man who revealed the prisoners guilt? 2. Note the questions asked of Robert Cly. 3 . What is Mr. Lorrys testimony? 4. What is the effect of Miss Manettes testimony? 5. What coincidence arises in the midst of the trial? 6. What is its effects? 7. Who is the man involved? 8. What is the effect of this action brought about by the prisoners lawyer, Mr.Stryver? 9. What hint of Jerry Crunchers night occupation is mentioned? 10. What does Mr. Stryver prove to the jury? 11. What is the outcome of the trial? 12. Had has Carton been affected by Miss Manettes faintness? Chapter 4 Congratulatory 1. Why did Dr. Manette look so strangely at Mr. Darnay after the trial? 2. What is Sydney Cartons attitude toward Lucie Manette? Chapter 5 The Jackal 1. Explain the title of this chapter. 2. What is the relationship between Mr. Stryver and Mr. Carton? 3. Describe Cartons method of working. 4. Has Mr. Stryver, too, become interested in Lucie Manette? . Is Sidney Carton at all regretful of his wasted life? Chapter 6 Hundreds of People 1. What is Dr. Manettes means of support? 2. Who frequently visits the home of the doctor and Lucie? 3. What reminder did Dr. Manette keep of his days in captivity? 4. Describe Miss Pross. 5. What s she upset about? 6. How did Miss Pross and Mr. Lorry Feel about Dr. Manette keeping his work bench and tools? 7. Did the Hundreds of People appear at the home? 8. Recount the incident about the Tower. 9. What effect is produced by the account of the footseps being heard? 10. Chapter 7 Monseigneur Town . What idea of conditions in France do we get from the description of the Monseigneur? 2. How are conditions in France emphasized by the description of the Farmer General? 3. What heartless cruelty is described in connection with the Marquis? 4. What intended comfort did DeFarge give the father? 5. What idea of compensation did the Marquis have? 6. What effect is produced by the presence of Madame Defarge with her knitting? Chapter 8 Monseigneur in the Country 1. What evidence of poverty is shown? 2. What request of Monseigneur is made by the poor woman? 3. Is her request granted? 4.Relate the incident of the road mender. 5. About whom did the Monseigneur inquire as he reached the door of his chateau? Chapter 9 The Gorgons Head 1. What is a gorgon? 2. Describe the relationship between Charles and his uncle. 3. Is Charles in sympathy with the deeds of his family? 4. What is the effect of their discussion on the uncle? 5. Exactly what takes place at the end of the chapter? Chapter 10 Two Promises 1. What is Charles Darnays occupation in England? 2. How successful is he? 3. Note his conduct in his interview with Dr. Manette in which he declares his love for Lucie. 4. Does Dr.Manette respond favorably to Mr. Darnay? 5. Does Dr. Manette wish Charles Darnay to reveal his identity? 6. What is the effect of the interview on Dr. Manette? Chapter 11- A Companion Picture 1. What is Stryvers opinion of himself? 2. Does his name reflect his character? 3. How does Stryver feel about Miss Manette? 4. What is his advice about C arton s marrying? Why does he give it? Chapter 12- The Fellow of Delicacy 1. What is Mr. Lorrys reaction to Mr. Stryvers announcement of his intention to propose to Lucie? 2. How did the matter proceed? 3. What is the outcome of the discussion? 4. Did Mr.Stryver feel that he would not be accepted? 5. How did he react when Mr. Lorry came to report? Chapter 13 The Fellow of No Delicacy 1. What is Sidney Carton doing at the beginning of the chapter? Why? 2. What effect do Lucies words have upon him? 3. What are his closing words to her? Chapter 14 The Honest Tradesman 1. To whom does this title refer? 2. What hint is there in the enthusiasm of the son for the funeral? 3. How does the sight of the funeral impress Mr. Cruncher? 4. Whose funeral was it? 5. Describe the scene that follows when the crowd learns that it is the funeral of a spy. 6.What further hints are there of Jerrys trade? 7. What did he announce on returning home? 8. What does he announce on returning home? 9. Note his warning to Mrs. Cruncher. 10. Note the effect on the son of the fathers words. 11. What did young Jerry do? 12. What did young Jerry discover? 13. Describe the fishing and the tools used. 14. How did young Jerry react on seeing the object of the fishing? 15. What inferences as to the success of the fishing expedition did young Jerry make the following morning? Why? 16. Note the conversation between father and son on their way to Tellsons Bank.Chapter 15 Knitting 1. What important item in the storys plot is revealed in this chapter? 2. What determines this action? 3. Who is included in the registering? 4. How is the registering in order to keep it a secret? 5. Who relates the fate of the assassin? 6. Why did DeFarge take the road mender to see the royalty and nobility? 7. What does Madame DeFarge tell the man seated next to her in the public conveyance when he asked her what she was knitting? Chapter 16 Still Knitting 1. What is Barsad doing in France? 2. Were French police in leag ue with the revolutionists?What shows this idea? 3. What fate is in store for Barsad? 4. What made DeFarge depressed? 5. What reasoning did his wife use? 6. What is the function of the rose? 7. What does Madames description mean? 8. How successful is Barsad in trying to get information about the peoples attitude about the assassin Gaspards execution? 9. Explain DeFarges reaction to being addressed as Jacques. 10. What effect did Barsads news of the approaching marriage of Miss Manette ad Charles Darnay have upon Monsieur and Madame DeFarge? 11. Does Madame Defarge have any pity? Chapter 17 One Night . What does Dr. Manette tell Lucie? 2. What kind of wedding will it be? 3. Where will Lucie and Charles live after the wedding? Chapter 18 Nine Days 1. Whom had Miss Pross hoped would marry Lucie? 2. Where is the honeymoon to be spent? 3. What did Dr. Manette do after the bridal couple had left? 4. Who watches over the doctor? 5. How long did Dr. Manette remain thus? Chapter 19 An Opi nion 1. Did Dr. Manette think it would happen again? 2. What becomes of the shoemaking tools, leather, and bench? 3. Is it with Dr. Manettes permission? Chapter 20 A Plea 1.What does Carton ask of Darnay? 2. What does Darnay reply? 3. How does Lucie feel about Carton? Chapter 21- Echoing Footsteps 1. Why the title of this chapter? 2. What did Stryver ask Darnay, and what did Darnay answer? 3. What is Stryvers comment? 4. What happens in Paris? 5. What cell did DeFarge demand to see? 6. How many prisoners are released? Chapter 22 The Sea Still Rises 1. What news does DeFarge bring to the wine shop? 2. What is done to the victims of the mob? 3. What did Madame DeFarge mean by her reply Eh, well, almostto DeFarges remark, At last it is come, my dear ? Chapter 23 Fire Rises 1. What is the tocsin? 2. What happens at the chateau? Chapter 24- Drawn to the Loadstone Rock 1. What is a loadstone? 2. Where does the French nobles gather in London? 3. Who is going to Paris to retrieve bank r ecords? 4. Who is going with him, and in what capacity? 5. How does Stryver feel about the French nobles? 6. What was in the letter addressed to the Marquis St. Evermonde, and who wrote it? 7. What did Darnay do? 8. What task did Darnay entrust to Mr. Lorry? 9. What two letters did Darnay write?A Tale of Two CitiesA Tale of Two Cities is not just about the struggles of Paris and London, during the time of the French Revolution. It is also about the social injustice and the struggle for class vengeance. One character, Madame Defarge, is tied into all of this. This stern, bitter woman has a loathing monster in her soul. Towards the end of the book, the reader discovers why she is so resentful of the upper class. Nevertheless, in the beginning of the book the reader ascertains that Dickens takes a side he considers the rebels little better than savages.Dickens frequently makes the connection that the anarchy of the mob in France could also occur in England. For example, at Rodger Clys funeral, the mob raids shops and sets fire to various objects. Dickens subtly points out how this is also happening in France during the French Revolution, except in France it is at a much higher scale. When this was written, in 1859, Charles Dickens tries to warn England not to allow the chaos of France to come to England. Even though Dickens says the mob is wrong, he maintain that the uppercases treated the lower class as human at their disposal.The story of the Marquis murder of Madame Defarges brother and the rape of her sister describes how the aristocrats maltreated the peasants and how that is past of the struggle for justice. On a smaller scale, the killing of Gaspards boy is yet again a social injustice to the commoners of France. The Marquis St. Evremonde has once more killed an innocent victim. The aristocrats have brought much pain, mental and physical, to the revolutionaries. Dickens, to show how cruel the aristocrats had been, has Monsiegneur momentarily stop and give the father a coin for the loss of his son.The working class of France was abused and demanded vengeance. But soon, paradoxically, the commoners are in charge. Social injustice again spreads, like a disease, to everyone. The tables are turned and now the criminals are the jailers and the jailers are the criminals. Even the innocent workers of the aristocrats are imprisoned. The lower class goes so far with vengeance that they lose sight of the main goal, to stopping injustice. Again the innocent are victimized, such as the poor woman behind Sydney Carton on his way to the La Guillotine.Furthermore, even those who disavow their family are punished. This is the situation of Charles Darnay who is being punished for his family crimes. Soon it is the aristocrats who are dealing with a class struggle of their own. At a glance, A Tale of Two Cities shows the struggles of two cities during this stressful time period, but if the reader looks closer they can see that it is truly about the clas s struggle and the vengeance of repressed people in London and Paris.A Tale of Two CitiesChapter 1 Five Years Later 1. What interval of time has passed since Dr. Manettes release? 2. Describe the interior of Tellsons Bank and its employees. 3. Who is the odd job man of Tellsons Bank? What does he do? 4. How did Mr. Cruncher refer to the year? (Anno Domini) 5. What hint is given as to Mr. Crunchers night occupation? 6. Describe Mr. Crunchers treatment of his wife. 7. Of what did his business stock consist? 8. What further hint is given by young Jerry as to his fathers night occupation? Chapter 2- A Sight 1. What is Old Bailey? 2. What is Tyburn? 3. Describe the entrance of the prisoner. 4.Describe the prisoner. 5. What is the charge against him? 6. What is the prisoners name? 7. Give an account in detail of the charges against him. 8. Who in the court- room attracts the notice of the prisoner? Chapter 3- A Disappointment 1. What is the name of the man who revealed the prisoners gui lt? 2. Note the questions asked of Robert Cly. 3. What is Mr. Lorrys testimony? 4. What is the effect of Miss Manettes testimony? 5. What coincidence arises in the midst of the trial? 6. What is its effects? 7. Who is the man involved? 8. What is the effect of this action brought about by the prisoners lawyer, Mr.Stryver? 9. What hint of Jerry Crunchers night occupation is mentioned? 10. What does Mr. Stryver prove to the jury? 11. What is the outcome of the trial? 12. Had has Carton been affected by Miss Manettes faintness? Chapter 4 Congratulatory 1. Why did Dr. Manette look so strangely at Mr. Darnay after the trial? 2. What is Sydney Cartons attitude toward Lucie Manette? Chapter 5 The Jackal 1. Explain the title of this chapter. 2. What is the relationship between Mr. Stryver and Mr. Carton? 3. Describe Cartons method of working. 4. Has Mr. Stryver, too, become interested in Lucie Manette? . Is Sidney Carton at all regretful of his wasted life? Chapter 6 Hundreds of People 1 . What is Dr. Manettes means of support? 2. Who frequently visits the home of the doctor and Lucie? 3. What reminder did Dr. Manette keep of his days in captivity? 4. Describe Miss Pross. 5. What s she upset about? 6. How did Miss Pross and Mr. Lorry Feel about Dr. Manette keeping his work bench and tools? 7. Did the Hundreds of People appear at the home? 8. Recount the incident about the Tower. 9. What effect is produced by the account of the footseps being heard? 10. Chapter 7 Monseigneur Town . What idea of conditions in France do we get from the description of the Monseigneur? 2. How are conditions in France emphasized by the description of the Farmer General? 3. What heartless cruelty is described in connection with the Marquis? 4. What intended comfort did DeFarge give the father? 5. What idea of compensation did the Marquis have? 6. What effect is produced by the presence of Madame Defarge with her knitting? Chapter 8 Monseigneur in the Country 1. What evidence of poverty is shown? 2. What request of Monseigneur is made by the poor woman? 3. Is her request granted? 4.Relate the incident of the road mender. 5. About whom did the Monseigneur inquire as he reached the door of his chateau? Chapter 9 The Gorgons Head 1. What is a gorgon? 2. Describe the relationship between Charles and his uncle. 3. Is Charles in sympathy with the deeds of his family? 4. What is the effect of their discussion on the uncle? 5. Exactly what takes place at the end of the chapter? Chapter 10 Two Promises 1. What is Charles Darnays occupation in England? 2. How successful is he? 3. Note his conduct in his interview with Dr. Manette in which he declares his love for Lucie. 4. Does Dr.Manette respond favorably to Mr. Darnay? 5. Does Dr. Manette wish Charles Darnay to reveal his identity? 6. What is the effect of the interview on Dr. Manette? Chapter 11- A Companion Picture 1. What is Stryvers opinion of himself? 2. Does his name reflect his character? 3. How does Stryver feel a bout Miss Manette? 4. What is his advice about Carton s marrying? Why does he give it? Chapter 12- The Fellow of Delicacy 1. What is Mr. Lorrys reaction to Mr. Stryvers announcement of his intention to propose to Lucie? 2. How did the matter proceed? 3. What is the outcome of the discussion? 4. Did Mr.Stryver feel that he would not be accepted? 5. How did he react when Mr. Lorry came to report? Chapter 13 The Fellow of No Delicacy 1. What is Sidney Carton doing at the beginning of the chapter? Why? 2. What effect do Lucies words have upon him? 3. What are his closing words to her? Chapter 14 The Honest Tradesman 1. To whom does this title refer? 2. What hint is there in the enthusiasm of the son for the funeral? 3. How does the sight of the funeral impress Mr. Cruncher? 4. Whose funeral was it? 5. Describe the scene that follows when the crowd learns that it is the funeral of a spy. 6.What further hints are there of Jerrys trade? 7. What did he announce on returning home? 8. What does he announce on returning home? 9. Note his warning to Mrs. Cruncher. 10. Note the effect on the son of the fathers words. 11. What did young Jerry do? 12. What did young Jerry discover? 13. Describe the fishing and the tools used. 14. How did young Jerry react on seeing the object of the fishing? 15. What inferences as to the success of the fishing expedition did young Jerry make the following morning? Why? 16. Note the conversation between father and son on their way to Tellsons Bank.Chapter 15 Knitting 1. What important item in the storys plot is revealed in this chapter? 2. What determines this action? 3. Who is included in the registering? 4. How is the registering in order to keep it a secret? 5. Who relates the fate of the assassin? 6. Why did DeFarge take the road mender to see the royalty and nobility? 7. What does Madame DeFarge tell the man seated next to her in the public conveyance when he asked her what she was knitting? Chapter 16 Still Knitting 1. What is Barsa d doing in France? 2. Were French police in league with the revolutionists?What shows this idea? 3. What fate is in store for Barsad? 4. What made DeFarge depressed? 5. What reasoning did his wife use? 6. What is the function of the rose? 7. What does Madames description mean? 8. How successful is Barsad in trying to get information about the peoples attitude about the assassin Gaspards execution? 9. Explain DeFarges reaction to being addressed as Jacques. 10. What effect did Barsads news of the approaching marriage of Miss Manette ad Charles Darnay have upon Monsieur and Madame DeFarge? 11. Does Madame Defarge have any pity? Chapter 17 One Night . What does Dr. Manette tell Lucie? 2. What kind of wedding will it be? 3. Where will Lucie and Charles live after the wedding? Chapter 18 Nine Days 1. Whom had Miss Pross hoped would marry Lucie? 2. Where is the honeymoon to be spent? 3. What did Dr. Manette do after the bridal couple had left? 4. Who watches over the doctor? 5. How long did Dr. Manette remain thus? Chapter 19 An Opinion 1. Did Dr. Manette think it would happen again? 2. What becomes of the shoemaking tools, leather, and bench? 3. Is it with Dr. Manettes permission? Chapter 20 A Plea 1.What does Carton ask of Darnay? 2. What does Darnay reply? 3. How does Lucie feel about Carton? Chapter 21- Echoing Footsteps 1. Why the title of this chapter? 2. What did Stryver ask Darnay, and what did Darnay answer? 3. What is Stryvers comment? 4. What happens in Paris? 5. What cell did DeFarge demand to see? 6. How many prisoners are released? Chapter 22 The Sea Still Rises 1. What news does DeFarge bring to the wine shop? 2. What is done to the victims of the mob? 3. What did Madame DeFarge mean by her reply Eh, well, almostto DeFarges remark, At last it is come, my dear ? Chapter 23 Fire Rises 1. What is the tocsin? 2. What happens at the chateau? Chapter 24- Drawn to the Loadstone Rock 1. What is a loadstone? 2. Where does the French nobles gather in Lon don? 3. Who is going to Paris to retrieve bank records? 4. Who is going with him, and in what capacity? 5. How does Stryver feel about the French nobles? 6. What was in the letter addressed to the Marquis St. Evermonde, and who wrote it? 7. What did Darnay do? 8. What task did Darnay entrust to Mr. Lorry? 9. What two letters did Darnay write?

Enthalpy of Combustion Lab Report Essay

AimThe aim of the following audition is to determine the enthalpy change of combustion of fermentation alcohol when unriv each(prenominal)ed mole of fermentation alcohol is burned completely with the help of a spirit lamp for a time period of ane and a half minutes. understateSpecific Heat Capacity is the get along of screw up required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1K. ? Differs from substance to substance. ? Water = 4.18 J g-1 K-1? Ethanol = 2.4 J g-1 K-1The data booklet value for the al-Qaedaard enthalpy of combustion of neutral spirits is -1371 KJ/mol.ApparatusInstrument / Chemical1. Spirit lamp containing ethanol2. Copper Calorimeter3. Distilled Water4. give notice Watch (?0.01s)5. 1?50cm3 beakers6. Retort Stand7. Digital Thermometer (?0.1)8. Digital Electronic Balance (?0.01g)9. Stirring rodMethod1. The mass of the spirit lamp containing ethanol is prototypic determined sinlessly with the help of the digital electronic balance and is recorded as M1 (?0.01g).2. Then a copper calorimeter is taken and the mass of the empty calorimeter is set-back determined. Then the calorimeter is filled with distilled water and the mass of the calorimeter along with water is then recorded. The two readings are then subtracted to determine the mass of the distilled water employ in the experimental unconscious process with the help of the digital electronic balance and is recorded as M3 (?0.02g).3. Then the calorimeter containing the water is placed on top of the retort stand and the digital thermometer is utilize to record the initial temperature of the water al one with the help of the digital thermometer and is recorded as T1 (?0.1).4. Then the spirit lamp is lit and is placed on top of the beaker downstairs the retort stand in order to maintain a steady position of the lamp underneath the calorimeter containing the distilled water.5. The spirit lamp is allowed to burn for a icy time period of one and a half minutes while the water in the calorimeter is continuously stirred using the stirring rod by and by which the final temperature of the water in the calorimeter is calculated with the help of the digital thermometer and is recorded as T2 (?0.1).6. After the entire procedure the final mass of the spirit lamp containing ethanol is measured with the help of the digital electronic balance and is recorded as M2 (?0.01g).HypothesisThe granted experimental procedure is guessworked to be a highly energy-releasing reaction as when ethanol is burned-out in air the reaction gives out energy in the form of heat. When the spirit lamp (ignited) is placed directly below the calorimeter containing water, the heat energy released will result in a rise in temperature in the distilled water in the calorimeter.Variablesa). Independent Variables1. The amount of ethanol used in the experimental procedure is an independent variable. In each of the five rivulets, the amount of ethanol used differs and this helps in providing a variety of results and making the experiment more accurate.2. The calorimeter in which the distilled water has been placed for each trial in the experimental procedure is an independent variable. This has been changed for each trial in order to pull up stakes more accuracy to the experiment.3. The mass of the distilled water used in the experimental procedure is an independent variable. This has also been changed for each trial in order to deliver a variety of results and cover all aspects of the experimental procedure.b). Dependant VariablesIn the conducted experimental procedure, the temperature of the measured mass of water in the calorimeter is the dependent variable. As the amount of ethanol used in the experimental procedure differs, the temperature of the mass of water will also change depending on the amount of ethanol used.c). Controlled Variables1. The time for which the measured mass of distilled water is heated is kept constant as one and a half minutes throughout th e experimental procedure. This is done to provide an accurate experiment.2. The entire experiment is conducted in the same environment on the same day and in a secure room.3. The stopwatch used for each trial has also been kept constant throughout the experimental procedure.4. The thermometer used for each trial has also been kept constant throughout the experimental procedure.Observations1. The ethanol was burnt with a yellow flame.2. Some black soot was formed on the bottom of the calorimeter after the spirit lamp was placed underneath it in the experimental procedure.3. It was state that when the mass of the spirit lamp was noted in the beginning of the experiment, the lamp was not warm. However after the ethanol was burnt and the mass of the spirit lamp was once again existence recorded, the lamp was warm at the end of the experiment.4. It was noted that while the spirit lamp was placed on the beaker perpendicularly below the calorimeter containing the distilled water, one cou ld feel the warmth of the flame when one put out the flame after a period of one and a half minutes.Raw dataInitial mass of spirit lamp = M1,final exam mass of spirit lamp = M2,Mass of distilled water used in the experimental procedure = M3,Initial temperature of water = T1,Final temperature of water = T2,The following table N1 shows the naked as a jaybird data that has been recorded in order to determine the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol while conducting the following experimental procedureProcessed DataMass of ethanol that has been used and burnt completely = M1 M2 = MF,Rise in Temperature of the distilled water when the spirit lamp is placed directly below the calorimeter = T2 T1 = TF,The following Table N2 gives the determine of the mass of ethanol that has been used and the change in temperature of the distilled water solution.Sr. No.MF (?0.02g)TF (?0.2)1.168.50 166.85 = 1.6538.2 27.2 = 11.02.166.85 165.61 = 1.2445.4 37.4 = 8.03.159.00 157.50 = 1.5036.2 26 .5 = 9.74.157.50 155.75 = 1.7545.8 35.8 = 105.155.75 154.44 = 1.3151.1 44.3 = 6.8For all five cases, molar mass of ethanol Mm, C2H5OHAmount of ethanol burnt = MF/Mm = A1,Heat energy required to raise the temperature of water by TF= M3 ? TF ? 4.18 = H1,Heat energy evolved by burn A1 moles of ethanol = H2,Heat energy evolved by burning 1 mole of ethanol = H2/A1 = H3,Enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol =The following table N3 gives the elegant data for the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanolSr. No.A1 (mole)H1 (Joule)H2 (Joule)H3 (Kilo Joule)(KJ/mole)1.(1.65 ? 46.1) = 0.00358(4.18 ? 11 ? 78.22) = 35973597(3597 ? 0.00358) = 1005 10052.(1.24 ? 46.1) = 0.00269(4.18 ? 8 ? 78.08) = 26112611(2611 ? 0.00269) = 971 9713.(1.50 ? 46.1) = 0.00325(4.18 ? 9.7 ? 82.73) = 33543354(3354 ? 0.00325) = 1032 10324.(1.75 ? 46.1) = 0.00380(4.18 ? 10 ? 82.55) = 34513451(3451 ? 0.00380) = 908 9085.(1.31 ? 46.1) = 0.00284(4.18 ? 6.8 ? 82.3) = 23392339(2339 ? 0.00284) = 823 823Since the combustio n of ethanol is an exothermic reaction, the sign of is negative. therefrom from the above five trials an average value of the enthalpy of combustion can be taken as the followingFair attempt1. The experimental procedure is carried out in a safe environment under the same environmental conditions on the same day.2. The time taken for each trial i.e. one and a half minute time period was followed as accurately as possible and with as much efficiency to avoid errors.3. The stopwatch is used accurately and was reset after each trial reading.4. While stirring the water alongside the experimental procedure one made sure that one did not disturb the digital thermometer in any possible way as even a small disturbance could affect the temperature readings obtained.Safe Test1. One used safety glasses and goggles while conducting the experiment to protect oneself from any chemical hazards.2. Once the time period of one and a half minutes has elapsed, the cap of the spirit flame was placed ove r the wick of the spirit lamp with precision and safety.3. Before starting the experiment, one made a double check about all the equipment universe used in the experiment and whether the equipment is efficient or not.4. One made use of the experimental hazcards that were given to one in order to prevent any chemical hazards from occurring.Errors and AnalysisThe data booklet value for the standard enthalpy of combustion of ethanol is -1371 KJ/mol. therefrom the percentage error for this experimental procedure is= (1371 948) ? 1371 ? 100= 30.9?This error is large and cannot be accounted for by the uncertainties in the experimental measurements. The major uncertainties lie in the profound assumptions used in the experimental procedure such as the following1. It is fabricated that complete combustion of ethanol takes place. However the fact that when ethanol was being burnt in air, it burnt with a yellow flame and the black soot on the calorimeter indicated that carbon, one of the products of incomplete combustion was also formed.2. It is assumed that all the heat from the reaction was transferred to the distilled water in the calorimeter. It is true that some of the heat would have indeed been lost round the sides of the calorimeter and also from the inner system to the surroundings.3. It is assumed that the glass stirrer, the digital thermometer and the calorimeter were not absorbing any heat but in reality these instruments are also being heated.4. It is assumed that none of the ethanol escaped through evaporation during the time the flame was extinguished and the spirit lamp and its contents were reweighed. However, ethanol is a volatile liquid and the fact that the spirit lamp was furious indicates that some of it would have evaporated.ConclusionIn the carried experimental procedure one has determined the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol when one mole of ethanol is burned completely with the help of a spirit lamp for a time period of one and a h alf minutes.One has successfully proven the hypothesis that has been made earlier. I had predicted beforehand that the reaction-taking place in the experimental procedure is an exothermic one. The fact that heat is given out when ethanol is burnt has been visualised by the temperature rise of the distilled water present in the calorimeter. Hence it is clearly evident that the combustion reaction of ethanol is an exothermic reaction.Suggestions for Improvement / Evaluation1. thither should not be any disturbance in the room where the experiment is being conducted as one is trying to prevent any interference to the inbred system.2. While conducting the experiment, one should use a shield like device in order to cover the entire apparatus and prevent any heat transfer between the surrounding and the internal system.3. More efficient equipment should be used in the conducted experimental procedure.

A Loaf of Breasd Essay

A Loaf of Bread by James Alan McPherson is a bill about a man named Harold commons who is accused of cheating customers due to his overpriced products being sold at unitary of his supermarkets. Throughout the story, spirt is face with a plethora of different obstacles that he has to overcome in order to prove not only to his family, but to himself that he is a honest and caring man.There are many different lessons and themes you can pick out from this story, but one in particular that I feel is important is the descent between Harold Green and Nelson reed. Both men are introduced as complete opposites of each other, but as the story progresses they both discover that they are genuinely much alike and the animosity they once shared was nothing more than a mere misunderstanding. By the end of the story, they both learn a swarm from each other and that judging someone without knowing their position or seeing things from their perspective can often lead to false verdicts.I did not make this world, he repeated. I only make my way in it This quote perfectly describes Harold Green and his perspective on life. In the beginning of the story, Green is introduced as a selfish but honest man. He knew that he was overcharging customers in his store, but to him it was something he had to do in order to provide for his family regular(a) if it meant losing them.What is the color of these people? he asked. Black, his wife said. And what is the name of my children? Green. The grocer smiled. There is your answer, he told his wife. Green is the only color I am interested in. This furthermore shows that Green starts off as a selfish man. He chose to ignore the needs of his customers due to his lust for cash. Nelson Reed on the other hand, was introduced as a very(prenominal) proud and caring Christian man. He conceptualised that what Green was doing was wrong, and felt the need to stand up for his people.Although both men seem to be complete opposites of each other, th ey still shared similar characteristics. They were both very stubborn and determined to stand up for what they believe in. Green at first, did not want to happen in to his wife and give away his products for free. He refused to because he believed he was right, and that he needed to stand up for himself. Reed, although different from Green, shared a similar perspective about the whole situation. He felt the need to stand up for himself and his people. As the two characters progress, they both come to terms on one thing money rules the world.The only thing that matters in this world is money. This quote by Reed depicts a better understanding between the two. Reed is eventually starting to see things through Greens eyes and realizes that he wouldve done the same thing as Green if he had owed the store.Place yourself in my situation Say on a profit scale of fifteen to forty percent, at what point in between would you draw the line? xl? Maybe even forty-five or fifty? the grocer bre athed in Reeds ear. In the supermarkets, you know, they have more subtle ways of accomplishing such feats. Reed slapped his coffee cup with the back of his right hand. The brown liquid swirled across the counter top, wetting the books. Damn this he shouted.Although Reed is reluctant to believe he is like Green, he is now putting himself in Greens shoes. In a way, its almost like Reed is bad in to himself. Green does the same thing. One morning Green decides to give in to himself and give out his products for free.In the end, as Green is in the snapper of giving out items, Reed walks in and insists that he pay for the loaf of bread his wife had taken for free earlier. I think it was brown bread. taket that cost more than white? In my store, yes, Harold Green said. He rang the register with the most casual movement of his finger. The register read fifty-five cents. Nelson Reed held out a dollar.And two cents tax, the grocer said. The man held out the dollar. After all, Harold Gree n said. We are all, after all, Mr. Reed, in debt to the government. This last quote from the story sums up the swop we see in both characters. Green has now learned that there is more to life than just money and himself, whereas Reed learns to respect Greens profession. The fact that Reed paid full price for the bread shows that he understands Greens position in contrast to the beginning where he saw it as a crime how Green had overpriced his items. In the end, both men had learned valuable lessons, and although at first were very different and opposing of each other, came to terms that they are no more than two similar people making money for the government.

Monorail Thesis

CONTENTS * INTRODUCTION * OBJECTIVE * SCOPE OF STUDY * NEED OF STUDY * METHEDOLOGY * LITERATURE REVIEW * CASE STUDY * shutdown * BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. 0 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Why Monorail? Monorails atomic number 18 the cheapest way of adding grade-separated, high-capacity mankind transport over the gridlock on the ground. They be in any case tot every(prenominal)y independent of existent tram, train and batch systems. 1. 1. 1 Monorails are proven. Many monorail systems are in custom as high-capacity public transport systems carrying thousands of passengers a day especially in lacquer 1. 1. 2 Monorails are safe.Being totally grade-separated monorails are one of the safest get ups of transport. 1. 1. 3 Monorails are environmentally friendly. Monorails have similar energy-efficiency to other mass-transit systems. They are cold slight energy-intensive to build than a rail subway while having a far lower remains than surface rail. Monorails can be installed with a minimum of affray o n the ground and have a lower visual concern than other types of elevated rail systems. Monorails can travel at over 80km/h providing an excellent alternative to cars in crowded cities. 1. 1. 4 Monorails are toll effective.Retro panoramating a subway to a crowded city is usually prohibitively expensive. ample uncertainties usually exist as to the full terms of dealing with the myriad underground services (sewers, storm water, mains water, electricity & gas. ) as well as geologic challenges such as rock and mud. Often subway systems are below sea-level creating many expensive and time-consuming challenges during twist and maintenance. 1. 15 Monorails are ardent to build. The monorails proposed here could be built in time for the 2014 election. Monorails Cost Less Monorail systems cost about 5 to 10% per kilometre of a subway system.Construction risks are less with Monorail system due to the ease of above-ground construction. * It is one of the urban rapid transit system. * Mono rail is a rail-based transportation system based on a single rail. * In this vehicle bodies are connected to the beam allowing curves to be negotiated. * Faster transportation. * Cheaper as compared to underground. Disabled Access The Monorail system can be accessed by lift from street level. As lift floor, platform floor and monorail car floors are at the same level there is no balk to the disabled person using a Monorail system.Hitachis vehicles are also able to accept a walkway to evacuate disabled passengers between monorail trains should a monorail flex stranded between stations. Operation Ideally the Monorail would use the new myki system. It could be operated by Metro, Yarra Trams or some other body. Hitachi monorail trains can be fully or partially automated. If partially automated an operator would close the doors and then the trains computer would drive the monorail to the next station as is done for Londons Dockland Light caterpillar tread. StationsStations can be bui lt into existing buildings increasing the value of the building. Minor stations could have a smaller footprint if they use multiple lifts rather than escalators. Stairs should also be provided for the athletic as well as for emergencies. Ideally stations would be translucent to reduce visual impact. This would entail as much as possible of the structure cosmos constructed of glass or other transparent material. colloidal suspensionar panels could provide power to the station. Station walls would probably need to wrap near the monorail to provide protection for passengers in bad weather.Aesthetics Melbournes monorail could be a great visual asset to the city and a major(ip) tourist glide by card if adequate attention is abandoned to the design of the pillars and beamway. (This has not always been the case with other existing monorails. ) A Medium sized monorail such as the Seattle Monorail is recommended for Melbourne. The large sized monorail such as the Kitakyushu Monorail prob ably has too large a visual impact. The beam should be move above street trees to over mould the need for tree removal, as demonstrated with sections of the Tokyo Monorail.Some Japanese monorail pillars are covered in lattice work to encourage creepers to cover the pillar. This would discourage graffiti. collide with also the Singapore Monorail pillars. Advertising should not be permitted on pillars, monorail cars or the beamway. Pillar design should be simple and elegant the objective should be to fit in with Melbourne rather than stand out from it. Switching There is a myth that monorails have a problem with switching. However, in reality all earnest monorail systems have switches that are used continuously in day-to-day operation.The proposed system requires switching at the Ashburton end and from the main beamway to storage and maintenance facilities. This can be achieved using one of the methods explained by The Monorail Society on their switch myth page. See also Hitachi Track Switch page. Both situates have video clips of switches in operation. The Melbourne Monorail would probably use the Segmented Switches shown on the above pages. Safety Monorail systems are not immune from problems caused by poor design. The Seattle monorail has suffered a collision between ii cars on a section of track where the beams were too close together.The beams should always be far enough apart to allow monorails to pass without signaling. As far as possible Monorail cars should be fire proof and provide some means of escape. Hitachi recommends evacuation from one monorail train to another one on the next beam although this has never been necessary in work out. Hitachi monorails can also be coupled together and passengers evacuated through the front or rear doors. (See Hitachi web site for diagram. ) Where monorail beams cross roads with a height clearance less than other existing infrastructure then a protecting beam should be placed across the road ahead of the m onorail beam.The monorail should draw power at multiple points and have multiple back-up generators capable of at least moving the monorail cars to the next station. on the substantial monorail stations should be staffed. Staff should be trained in first aid and be ready to assist the disabled as well as providing security and information. Platform Screen Doors should be used. 1. 2 typecasts of mono rail based on drive operation. * Electric Power driven. * Magnetic levitation. 1. 3 fibers of monorail based on position of wagon. * Schwebebahn monorail * Straddle monorail * Cantilevered Monorail * Suspended Monorail 1. 4 Power driven monorail Cheaper technology * Cost of construction per km is less. * Cost of travel per km is less. * Effective for all types of terrains. * Widely accepted. * principal(prenominal)tenance free guideway. * Only gum elastic tyres get little wear by ravel on smooth guideway, thats why rubber tyres has to be changed within 100000 to 150000 km. * Monora il falls on individual guideway, therefore no possibilities of collision. * 0. 015 % of chances of derailment. 1. 5 Comparison with other MRTS 1. 6 Economical construction as compared to metro rail. 2. 0 OBJECTIVES * To find out problems occurred during excecution of previous monorail pop the questionions. Find out solutions for those problems. * Eliminate errors that can occur in future monorail spues. * Total effect on mono-rail project by applying solutions as compared to previous monorail project. * Avoid time cost overrun. 3. 0 NEED OF THE STUDY As in India following mono-rail are about to split within next 5 to 7 years. Mumbai mono-rail estimated cost = Rs. 150 cr / km Total cost of project = Rs. 5250 cr. Delhi mono-rail. Bangalore mono-rail. Chennai mono-rail. Kolkata mono-rail. * As all this mono-rail project having estimated cost of 5000 to 8000 crore INR. It is a huge amount of capital time to be invested. * This study testament help us to avoid the time cost over run of these unusual projects. METHODOLOGY METHODOLOGY LIBRARY STUDY PRIMARY STUDY CASE STUDIES Various Policies, Strategies, models. Case Study of previously done project Analysis Synthesis, Inferences radical Review Final Feedback Preliminary Report LITERATURE REVIEW Various Problems Occurred In Construction Project * Planning * Funding Financing * Engineering and externalize * Planning Construction * Operation * Safety Security * Standards * Laws Regulations Projects project opportunities Planning Phase In the planning phase, some lessons learned from specific monorail projects such as Seattle Monorail, Kitakyushu Monorail and Chiba will give some useful experiences on how to optimize station and route planning in planning phase, which will guide the opera hat practice in monorail project construction, especially in promoting efficient construction. Design Phase 1. Structural system 2. Guideway layout 3. Design is a complex and demanding process, but it is also the appr oximately fruitful area in optimizing the whole project schedule. . Modularization and preassembly in design phase will simplify the construction process, ensure schedule and minimize the impact on the environment. 5. Standardization of design elements is also desirable for any constructible design. 6. Hence, to realize the constructability in monorail projects, some codes are suggested to be followed in the monorail design phase. Problems Which Are broadly speaking Occurred During Execution of MONORAIL Project CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES Foundation and Pier Construction * Survey Team * Tree Clearance/Transplantation Construction Track/Erosion and situate Control Construction * Piling of River Foundations * Excavation and Placement of Pad Foundations and Pier and Backfilling * Excavation and placement of foundations with driven piles and pier and backfilling * Access Track and instalment Transportation * Depots and Accesses * Depot to Construction Front * Foundation Pads and Piers * Placement of Piers * Transportation for River Foundations * Erection of Monorail Beams * Completion of Monorail Running Surface * Rehabilitation * Construction/Mountain wheel Track and Spur Tracks * Future Maintenance Legal Requirements * General Health And Safety Issues * Noise And Lighting focal point * Risk Management * Waste Management Literature review We found the information from the case study of monorail of Las Vegas which shows following results * The Monorail The monorail will have the same route as most of the main bus lines today. The monorail system is also expendable in the future. The monorail will be situated above the flower beds and one lane needs to shut off during the construction. The uttermost ticket price will be very less for a combination ticket for the monorail and BRT.This price is not more expensive than the current public transport, which means even the poorer families can use the system. * Planet The electricity will be generated with natural gas, w hich will reach Manaus through a pipeline which is being constructed. The fund which plays an important role in the promotion campaign of the monorail, is an already existing reforestation fund called RED. Part of the ticket price is donated to this fund. * Land use The monorail will improve and increase commercial activity around the monorail stations (especial around the stadium and downtown).There are no plans to develop these areas. According to SEPLAN, the private sphere will take care of this. Possible land use changes around stations did not play any role in choosing the locations of the station. Following are the solution of problems given in the paper Constructability Analysis of Monorail Project is discussed as below 1. Solving the problems related with the construction of monorail is an important objective in the whole phases of a construction project, and experts with knowledge and experience play an important role in achieving superior constructability. . Constructabili ty analysis will help to eliminate hidden be and change orders, ensure schedule, improve construction quality and enhance safety in construction project. This research is undertaken to conduct a constructability analysis of monorail project. 3. We identify cosmopolitan factors which influence monorail project constructability during project planning, design and field operation. Through literature review and case study, a systematic approach and techniques to improve constructability in monorail project will be developed.Finally, we further develop a practical framework for solution implementation in monorail project. 4. Due to the advantages of monorail in many transit realms, gobs of monorail systems have been built and in operating. Other many monorail projects are also in planning and under construction. There is a need to improve constructability of monorail project by bridging gap between engineers and constructors in early stage of monorail project. 5. Results have demonstr ated the potential to minimize the number and magnitude of changes, disputes, cost overturns, and delays during construction.Following details given bellow are collected from national news paper Times of India 1. The next phase of citys monorail rakes running in the metropolitan percentage will be manufactured in India. All three major monorail manufacturing companies Scomi of Malaysia, Bombardier of Canada and Hitachi of Japan have plans to set up manufacturing plants in India. 2. Scomi which is already delivering the first monorail to the city, has already short listed four states in the country where they would want to set up the monorail plant. 3.They expect to finish the formalities of finalising the location by the year-end. The four states they are smell at are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat. 4. There is a huge potential market for monorail. As many as 24 cities in India have shown peachy interest in having a monorail. It would be our obvious target to ta p this potential market and the best way to go further is by background knowledge up a plant here. Compared with the subway (heavy rail) and trolley (light rail), the monorail shows the following advantages (Aoki Ishikawa, 1989) 1) EfficiencySince the monorail vehicle uses a concrete or steel guidebeam for both the vehicles running surface and structural go, less guideway maintenance is required. The monorail guidebeam does not require periodic adjustment, replacement, grinding, tightening, or other maintenance. The rubber tires get little wear running on smooth guideways. 2) Cost While capital costs can be as much as or more than light rail, monorail can turn a profit once built. The Tokyo Monorail is operated by a private business and turns a profit each year. This is unheard of with conventional rail or bus systems. The Seattle Monorail also turns a profit each year. ) Construction Process of monorail construction is simple dig a hole, drop in a pre-built support pylon, truck in the track which was manufactured offsite, lift into place Monorail beamway can be installed far faster than the alternatives. From truck bed to pylons was a matter of a few minutes. The entire system took only seven months to construct. No other fixed rail can be installed as quickly and as disruption-free. simple construction process of monorail construction. 4) Aesthetics The monorail guideway can be constructed to be an enhancement rather than a detriment to the environment.Monorail systems generally have a smaller footprint on the environment and the narrow guidebeams are less obtrusive than conventional trough-type guideways that are really more like aerial road structures. 5) Safety Monorails run on an exclusive grade-separated guideway. So there is no possibility to collide with other vehicles. The ways by which monorails are designed also make derailments more or less impossible. This is why monorails have an excellent safety record. Monorails of the world 1. Palm Jume irah Monorail, Dubai, UAE 2. Sentosa Monorail agricultural / Area Singapore Type Small Line Length 2. 1km string organization 2cars/trainset Maximum return velocity 60km/h No. of Track Switches 2 Inauguration 2007 Features First small type monorail 3. Okinawa Monorail Country / Area Japan Type Medium Line Length 13. 1km Train Formation 2cars/trainset Maximum Service Speed 60km/h No. of Track Switches 12 Inauguration 2003 Features First FSW monorail 4. Tama Monorail Country / Area Japan Type Large Line Length 16. 0km Train Formation 4cars/trainset Maximum Service Speed 60km/h No. of Track Switches 26 Inauguration 1998 Features First VVVF monorail 5. Osaka Monorail Country / Area JapanType Large Line Length 28. 0km Train Formation 4cars/trainset Maximum Service Speed 70km/h No. of Track Switches 38 Inauguration 1990 6. Kita-Kyushu Monorail Country / Area Japan Type Large Line Length 8. 8km Train Formation 4cars/trainset Maximum Service Speed 65km/h No. of Track Switches 13 Inaugurat ion 1985 7. Osaka Expo. Land Monorail Country / Area Japan Type Medium Line Length 4. 3km Train Formation 4cars/trainset Maximum Service Speed 50km/h Inauguration 1970 (abolition 1970) Features First ATO operated monorail First full flat floor monorail 8. Tokyo MonorailCountry / Area Japan Type Medium Line Length 17. 6km Train Formation 6cars/trainset Maximum Service Speed 80km/h No. of Track Switches 25 Inauguration 1964 Features First mass-transit purport monorail tandem axle bogie 9. Chongqing Monorail, China Country / Area China Type Large Line Length 19. 2km Train Formation 4cars/trainset Maximum Service Speed 75km/h No. of Track Switches 9 Inauguration 2005 Features First overseas monorail CASE STUDY Chongqing Metro Chongqing Metro is ametrosystem inChongqing,China Connects citys main business and entertainment downtown areas. exile type rapid transit, straddle-beam monorail Number of lines 3 Number of stations 55 Annual ridership 45 one thousand thousand (2010) Line 2 only1 Began operation 2005 System aloofness 72. 0 kilometers Line 1 In operation 2011 Connects densely populated areas and Central Business Districts Jeifangbei, Daping, and Shapingba. Track length 16. 4km No. of stations -14 Line2 In operation 2005 Connects Yuzhong,Jiulongpo, andDadukou. Track length -19. 15km No. of stations -15 Line 3 In operation 2011 Connects the districts separated by Chongqings two main rivers, Track length 39. km No. of stations 29 Worlds longest single monorail line. Largest monorail systemChongqing Rail Transit(Line 2 & 3), 55. 6km CRT has a total track length in operation 72. 0km At 55. 6km, the systems two monorail lines form the worlds largest monorail network, Chongquing monorail map Why the need of a monorail in Chongquing? * China has been achieving economic growth averaging about 10% per year. * Problems caused by the underdevelopment of urban infrastructure in major cities have surfaced. * As a result, traffic congestion and air contami nant were becoming increasingly serious. Chongqing City is set in the eastern part of the Sichuan wash-hand stand on the upper reaches of the Chang River * A driving force for economic development in inland regions of China. * Traffic congestion became much worse in the underlying city areas1, * While air pollution change magnitude due to exhaust gas from automobiles, * Transportation via roads was being inhibited due to the terrain of Chongqing City and the stipulate of the existing city areas. * The central part of Chongqing City is in a rugged mountainous area. * It is divided in two by the Chang River and the Jialing River. Improvement of the urban environment was considered * There were approximately 4,300,000 bus users per day6 in 2008,accounting for approximately 80% of all transport modes used in Chongqing City. * Development of the Light Rail Transit system is expected to relieve traffic congestion in the central city areas and realize reliable transportation. Project Outline * Approved make sense/ Disbursed Amount 27,108 million yen / 27,107 million yen * Exchange of Notes assure/ Loan Agreement Signing Date March 2001 / March 2001 * Terms and Conditions Interest tread 0. 75% Repayment Period 40 years (Grace Period 10 years) * Condition for Procurement Bilateral tied * Borrower / Executing Agencies brass of the Peoples Republic of China /Chongqing * Municipal Peoples Government (Project Implementation * Unit Chongqing Rail Transit General Corporation (CRTC)) * Final Disbursement Date January 2007 * Main Contractor (Over 1 billion yen) China International Trust & Investment Corp. (China) / * China Shanghai (Group) Corp. For Foreign Economic & Technology (China) and Changchun Railway .Vehicles Co. Ltd. (China) (JV) / Mitsui & Co. Ltd. (Japan) * Main Consultant (Over 100million yen) Japan Railway Technical Service (JARTS) (Japan) and * Pacific Consultants International (PCI) (Japan) (JV) * Feasibility Studies-F/S prepared by the Secon d Design Department of the Ministry of Railways (2000) JICA special(a) Assistance for Project (SAPROF) prepared by Japan Railway Technical Service (JARTS) and Pacific Consultants International (PCI) (1998) Japan Railway Technical Service (JARTS) (Japan) and Pacific Consultants International (PCI) (Japan) (JV) .Project Cost * The planned cost was 44,328 million yen (Japans ODA bring amount was 27,108 million), and the actual cost was 46,036 million yen (Japans ODA loan amount was 27,107 million), which slightly higher than planned (about 104% of the plan). * The main reason for cost excess was foreign exchange fluctuations. * Both project period and project cost slightly exceeded the plan. * Therefore efficiency of the project is fair. Problems faced during the Execution of Chongquing monorail. . In the Official Development Assistance Charter (ODA Charter) approved by the Cabinet in 1992, Environmental conservation and development should be pursued in tandem is stipulated as one of the principles of Japans ODA policy. In 2000, a committee in the governing party proposed a Summary of and Guidelines for Economic Assistance to China. Based on the content of this document, the Economic Cooperation Program for China was established in 2001.This serial publication of guidelines and plans designated cooperation towards resolving environmental and other global issues, improved living standards and social development in the inland regions, and the promotion of mutual understanding, etc. , as antecedence areas for Japans ODA to China. The objective of this project is therefore thought to be in compliance with the assistance policy of Japan because it aims for alleviation of air pollution in Chinas inland regions. Sol-This project has been highly relevant with the country development plan, development needs, as well as Japans ODA policy, therefore its relevance is high. . Construction of precautions and environmental measures for soil runoff ,noise problems, water pol lution. etc. ,know-how of technology transfer for environmental monitoring. Sol- March 2001 to June 2005 enforced from the project commencement to the operation commencement. 3. Height difference between the rail for the section from Dongwuyuan Station to Dayancun Station and the rail south of Dayancun Station Sol- The place decided to complete the line as far as Dongwuyuan Station without constructing Dayancun Station during this project.As a result, it was decided that the section between Jiaochangkou Station and Dongwuyuan Station would be the project section for Phase 1, and that Dayancun Station would be constructed in phase 2 of the Line 2 project (completed in July 2006). 4. Arrangement of carriages (Since volume of passengers was ascertain) Sol- The Executing Agency adopted a three stage plan for the arrangement of the carriages (first stage four-carriage trains, second stage six-carriage trains, third stage eight-carriage trains).For time being, Its working with 4 carria ges as per the volume of passengers. 5. Differences in Consulting services 6. Delay in tendering process 7. Machinery procurement procedures & delivery 8. In case of Chongquing, due to SARS (Swine flu) increased the time for construction. 9. Cost excess was due to foreign exchange fluctuations 10. Resettlement of 470 residents(190 families) and acquiring approximately 12. 00ha of land for the project implementation. (Land Acquisition)Sol -The Chongqing Municipal Peoples Government and the Executing Agency, the bodies responsible for implementing the resettlement of residents and the land acquisition, went through the procedures, the Chongqing City Urban Resettlement Management Ordinance, and established the Chongqing Light Rail Transit Line 2 Land Confiscation and Resettlement Compensation Guidelines in order to pay compensation to resettled residents. The land acquisition was also implemented without any finical problems, based on the Law of Land Administration of the Peoples Repu blic of China. 11. Height differences. Soln- Straddle-beam monorail was used. 2. Problems of long span. (30m-40m) 13. Accidents due to armoured concrete, mechanical equipments. etc. CONCLUSION * Thus we cease that, * The Chongquing monorail project exceeded the projected time of completion and project cost, but still the project is evaluated satisfactory. * So if we avoid or maybe find out the best alternative/or solution/ for the above problem/s the cost and time factor will not exceed. * This study about the problems of the execution of the monorail will help as a guideline to overcome or avoid the obstructions/problems/restrictions in the execution of future monorail projectsBIBLIOGRAPHY * www. hitachi. co. in * The urbanaut company Inc. Monorail systems * Civil engineering and construction review , vol. 24 April 2011Monorail , A viable urban transportation system By, Dr. R. Kuberan. * Civil engineering and construction review , vol. 24 April 2011 construction methodologies for mumbai Monorail projects By, Mr. C. Sankaralingam Mr. K. Senthilnathan. * Jakes, Andrew S. , Las Vegas Monorail, 1995. * The Monorail Society website located at www. monorails. org * Constructability Analysis of Monorail Project CIV. 1278 F by Prof. EI-Diraby