Ethics in Contemporary Society

Presently, Americans be comfortable relating ethics to individuality. Often times, American citizens expresses their right of freedoms to enhance their own sense of ethics or relativity. In defining relativism, moralistic principles are a matter of soulal feelings and individual preference. As for individual moral relativism, figuring out what is moral and libertine in specific circumstances differs according to the person. On another note, moral relativists have a dis tactual sensation in universal truths or common law. This look for will examine and highlight major details about problems surrounding individual moral relativism and cultural moral relativism.It will reflect post-modern and modern methods of belief in order to exhibit its valuableness in honorable decision-making in overcoming problems (Owen, 2011). In particular, it argues that abstract theories of either individual or subjective moral relativism are fruitless for understanding humans. Whats more, it tends to l imit humans to egocentric people or hamper the emergence of distinctiveness through division and relativism. It is disputed that innovativeness excludes other styles of understanding. It utters concern and celebrates the variance it has rendered the pursuit for any kind of meaning inaudible (Reno, 2012).To bypass these restrictions and to extend the resistance of ethical relativism this article draws substantially from the research of Lawrence Kohlberg. He is a well-known psychologist that is recognized for the moral stages of development. Moreover, his research theory moves closer by claiming cultural relativists are individuals trapped in the conventional stage of ethical development (Garz, 2010).This ethical development model greets and enriches narrative understanding. As this essay continues to explore the world ofethical/moral relativism, it will summarize topics like cultural moral relativism, individual and subjective relativism. In addition, it will review Kohlbergs moral stages of development and why he confides that many cultural relativists are trapped in a particular stage. As a final touch, this essay will discuss personal beliefs and experiences in relation to each topic, and why I total or disagree with these reasoning. What is more moral relativism? Previously moral relativism was defined as being right or wrong, and the second deals with the difference between an mark and a subjective truth.Thinking that ethical truth is biased, moral relativists often react to moral conclusions about homosexual behavior (Klikauer, 2011). To these individuals, the term homosexual is rubbish because everyones ethics is equivalent. In short, nobody has a right to a morality that is incumbent on others. Being objective (individual) honest is recognized as the best prime(a) however, it is not the easiest decision (Owen, 2011). For example, parents or educators do not chastise students merely for getting their answer wrong in Math problems. For many student s, their mistakes would be coherent, not moral.Another example would be a husband beats his wife is simply indecent in that locationfore, he is considered as being immoral. Based on Quintelier & Fessler (2012) findings, cultural relativism is considered as an explanation that all views, customs, and ethics are comparative to the individual within his or her own societal environment. Therefore, individuals put their cultural beliefs at the front of comparative ethical decision-making. Basically, right and wrong are culture-specific however, what is right in one culture may be considered as corrupt in another culture (Owen, 2011).Being there is no universal code of morality, individuals does not have the right to judge another societal traditions. At the conventional stage of ethical development, each person respects the beliefs of his or her group, family, or nation, as important, despite of the abrupt and apparent concerns (Klikauer, 2011). This stance is not just conformity to su bjective expectations and social order, but alike one of loyalty. According to Kohlberg, cultural relativist is often stuck in this stage due to their beliefs and cultural upbringing. Furthermore, I support this stance for different reasons.For example, I was raised to believe in Christianity is the right path to follow because my parents instill that religion into me as a child. In conclusion, many philosophers have both defended and opposed moral relativism. new research argues that normative moral theories should be controlled and explore by psychologists to grasp a more in-depth understanding (Quintelier & Fessler, 2012). Researchers questioned the thought that individuals are or can be moral relativists. If so, can being a moral relativist affect can an individuals moral functioning.This research is underutilized in theorists normative philosophies of relativism all together, the pragmatic work is abstractly incoherent (Quintelier & Fessler, 2012). The main objective of this assignment is to assimilate ethical and practical work on limitations about normative relativism. From my perspective, I support the individual and cultural relativity. As an African female, customs, traditions and religions played an essential role in my childhood as well as my growth. Biblical teachings were molded into my mind, heart, body and soul. My grandparents are the square up to my development and ethical beliefs.

Religion and Identity Essay

The question often arrived what is religion? there be more than one answer to this depending on ones culture, identity, ethics and beliefs. Religion kitty be found in different cultures and through come in the whole period of human level. There is evidence that shows signs of religion such as animal spirit in art and human burials that suggest the belief in life after death. There coif one across been many an(prenominal) different answers and definition to what religion is (Van Voorst, 2013). harmonise to Robert E. Van Voorst (2013), religion is Pattern of beliefs and practices that expresses and enacts what a community regards as ineffable and/or ultimate about life (pg.5).In addition to that, there is the time interval of church and terra firma. In America, the salutary(a) to freedom of religion is very central to the American democracy that it was preserved in the First Amendment to the Constitution along with early(a) rights such as freedom of speech and freedom of press. The countrys founders restrict the separation of church and state. This is due to the prohibition against political science regulation or endorsement of religion. According to American Civil Liberties Union of Florida (2012), the standard of separation has been regularly tested. In early America, even after church establishment ended, any(prenominal) state legislators sought to revive the compulsory taxation of citizens to support religious institutions. In this century, public schools were once required to teach the biblical version of the publics and humanitys creation, while the scientific theory of evolution was prohibited.Throughout our history, sectarian advocates be possessed of tried to inject religious exercises, such as daily prayer, into the public schools. At times, religious minorities, including members of cults, have been discriminated against because of their beliefs. And today, many citizens in many communities disagree about whether a model of the infant Jesus in the manger, which officially promotes certain religious beliefs over others, should be displayed on the steps of City Hall. The courts must frequently consider where to draw the line that separates church and state (5). Religion is one of our most critical tradition and constitutional rights and must stand against anything that would challenge the standard of separation, which protects that freedom.Reid Temple African Methodist Episcopal church was the group that I visited. Though it is non my own religious practice, it qualifies as a religion. Driving up to the church there is a sign that has the consult of the church boldly written in LED lights. The welcome message display in red across the board says All Are refreshing. Inside of Reid Temple church they have a Cross as their symbol posted high where all can see. The service was nice with the choir singing praises to God and special prayer request were taken. After the service, I spoke with the Senior Pastor about his church and what exactly do they cerebrate in. I was informed that their slogan is Aiming to Please through the 5 Es. This came from II Corinthians 59 which states So whether at home or away, we mother our aim to please Him. (RSV).The 5 Es were described to me as Evangelism which is sowing the seed of Gods Word in the hearts of all mickle. say-so which is bestowing love and guidance on believers to disciple them in fulfilling their purpose. Education which is knowing the will of God through study and obedience of His Word. Economics which is flowing in financial prosperity according to Gods wealth principles and Expansion which is growing in all ministry beas to reach the growing harvest of souls ( Washington, L. Personal converse January 13, 2013). The cross is a reminder of their pledge and it also reminds them that Jesus died for their sins and to Him all praise is given.Buddhism also has a symbol such as the Dharmachakra which is the seethe of the law. The eight-spot spokes on the wheel represents the eightfold path. The wheel is one of the most important Buddhist symbols because it symbolizes the teachings of Buddha. According to Thames & Hudson (2004), The wheels motion is a metaphor for the rapid spiritual change engendered by the teachings of the Buddha the Buddhas first discourse at the Deer Park in Sarnath is known as the first turning of the wheel of dharma. His subsequent discourses at Rajgir and Shravasti are known as the second and third turnings of the wheel of dharma. The eight spokes of the wheel symbolize the Noble Eightfold Path adjust out by the Buddha in his teachings. The wheel also represents the endless cycle of samsara, or rebirth, which can only be escaped by means of the Buddhas teachings.And some Buddhists regard the the wheels three basic parts as symbols of the three trainings in Buddhist practice The hub symbolizes moral discipline, which stabilizes the mind. The spokes (usually there are eight) represent wisdom whic h is applied to defeat ignorance. The rim represents training in concentration, which holds everything else together ( 2 & 3). In the early days, the Dharmachakra not only symbolizes the teaching of Buddha plainly also Buddha himself. Today, it appears in the art of every Buddhist culture (para 5). Practicing religion can shape an individual and group identity. Take Buddhism for example that is lineed by many Indians.This religion practices the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path. The Four Noble Truths teaches that 1. All life is suffering- this suggests that all beings experience suffering and that it can be ranged from great sensual and mental pain to mild emotional unhappiness. Suffering originates from anger and sadness but then happiness is also suffering because it comes and goes. 2. The cause of suffering is desire- This suggests that military man want what they do not have and should not have. Humans personal desire for happiness is the cause of the suffering. 3. To end desire is to end suffering -which suggests that putting all craving and personal desires to an end will therefore end the suffering. This breaks the negative karma which leads to the 4th Noble Truth 4. To end desire- one must follow the Noble Eightfold Path.The Eightfold Path is 1. The right to understanding which ends the concept of what one think is reality and see reality as it is. 2. The right to determination is where people must want to change before they can actually be change. 3. The right to speech which is speaking the truth at all times. 4. The right to conduct which means no killing, stealing, drinking, intoxicants and being sexual. 5. The right to livelihood which is working and living a life that does not cause others harm. 6. The right to effort which is evolution a conscious free from craving. 7. The right to mindfulness which is to be aware and mindful and 8. The right to contemplation which is the deepening of mindfulness that leads to concentration and ins ight whitethorn be obtained (Van Voorst,2013). Practicing the Four Noble Truths and The Eightfold Path teaches and shape the followers of Buddhism. It is a way of life for them which teach them to take time to find out who they are and what they are all about. It is a guideline to ethical and mental development.Shinto culture is another example of how practicing religion and shape individuals or groups. The people of Japan practices Shinto and is rooted in the people there and their traditions. The Shinto gods that are called kami are sacred spirits. These spirits can take form in things such as wind, rain, mountains, trees, rivers and fertility. Shinto religion believes that when a human dies they become a kami and is given back to their families and ancestral kami. There not a right from wrong in Shinto and their faith is based on being optimistic. The Shinto faith is blended with other beliefs such as that of Buddhism and Daoism. It does not have a founder, written documents, for malized ethics, system of beliefs, scripture or an organized system of theology but with the blend of Buddhism and Daoism, the Japanese culture now have a system of beliefs, written documents, founder, ethics and all that it was lacked before. It is still a central religion of Japan (Carroll, 2012).Shinto grounds are very sacred and behavior must be proper at all times. There are no food or drink allowed and there must be silence or hushed voices. Purity is important in Shinto and there is a certain procedure in washing your hands on mouth. Purity is important in pleasing the kami which brings a happy life. Van Voorst wrote that Cleanliness in particular signifies a good character and freedom from bad outdoor(a) influences. In Western societies one hears the proverb Cleanliness is next to godliness. In traditional Japanese society cleanlinessof body, mind, and spirit, both ritual and practicalis godliness. To be in musical harmony with the kami, one must keep ones person, home, an d business clean (pg 198).Religion has always been connected with government and politics. The Western world has a history of influence from Catholicism and Protestant rift. It is very similar to the history of some parts of Southern Asia that have been influenced by Islam. The interconnection of both religion and government is to be expected because both are regulating social behavior. During the past century, religion has been less influential. Modern governments have been influenced by Democratic philosophy which put importance of the average man and a sharing of the worlds resources. These ideas continue to shape modern society in different ways. For example, technology has drastically changed the nature of life and work. Traditional religious systems are gradually becoming less important.The trend towards secularism continues but has not been nearly as pronounced in the United States and regular church attendance started to decrease in the 1960s and early 1970s. It increased ag ain post World War II period. There is only a small majority of Americans who thinks religion is of any importance in their lives (Federal Funding of Faith-Based Services, 2011).Many people know what religion is until they are asked to decide it. Religion is a worldly thing, across many boundaries in human experience and so that makes it a bit hard to define. There are a few different definition of religion and many have different religious experience and understanding of ultimate Reality. At Reid Temple, I asked the lady academic session next to me if she could tell what Ultimate Reality means. She said to her Ultimate Reality meant a personal relationship with God. In a different culture Ultimate Reality could mean spiritual growth or spiritual path.Not everyone is all about religion though. There are some cultures who prefer that their beliefs not to be subject as a religion but as a faith or teaching. There are some who argue that they are not religious but they are spiritual. ReferencesAmerican Civil Liberties Union of Florida. (2012). Church and state.Retrieved from http//www.aclufl.org/take_action/download_resources/info_papers/3.cfm Carroll,B.J. (2012). Shinto basics. Retrieved from http//www.world-religions-professor.com/shinto.html Federal Funding of Faith-Based Services. (2011). Religion and public policy. Retrieved from http//www.newsbatch.com/religion.htm Thames & Hudson. (2004). Reading Buddhist Art an illustrated guide to Buddhist signs andSymbols. Retrieved from http//www.religionfacts.com/buddhism/symbols/wheel.htm Van Voorst, R.E. (2013). World relg. Student edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. USA Washington, L.P. (2013). Reid Temple Senior Pastor. Personal Interview January 13, 2013.

Invention that you wish it never exist Essay

Inventions, ideally, are result of needs and necessities of a certain genesis of humankind. Human beings prospered and progressed over time because of his inquisitive nature and the ability to explore. Discoveries and inventions helped them to know more about the drive earth and made them to get out their stay on this planet more comfortable. Needs and necessities of different ages and propagation encouraged humankind to come up with new inventions, however, some inventions simply originated to serve the whims and fancies of some manpower in authority who abused their influence and knowledge to invent something which put a questionmark on uncorrupted existence of human public life on this planet. An invention without which this humanness would be a much disclose place is the invention of weapons of loudness demise also known WMDs. A weapon of mass destruction is a atomic, radiological, biological, chemical or other weapon that can kill and bring significant trauma to a l arge number of humans or cause great damage to man-made structures (e.g. buildings), raw(a) structures (e.g. mountains), or the biosphere.These weapons were developed initially by industrialized nations liks United States, Japan, Germany etc as a weapon of egotism defence to deter the enemy against any possible aggression and attack (Deterrence theory of international politics). However, in due course of time these weapons emerged as a threat to the very existence of human career on this planet. The deterrence theory failed to prevent wars and battles between nations and rather led to beginning of an arms race between nations. India and Pakistan, 2 south asian neighbours developed nuclear weapons in 1998 but still had a war in 1999 and still have skirmishes on their borders on almost daily basis. The application of nuclear bomb by United States against Japan, use of chemical weapons by Germans against Jews in concentration camps made the sphere to realize the ferocity and endan germents of these weapons. More recently, the use of Chemical weapons in Syrian Civil War had brought the world to brink of another war when US tried to intervene in order to maintain the sanctitude of Chemical weapons convention.The world have realized the uselessness of these weapons and tried to control, ban and regulate their usage by conventions and treaties like Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC), Partial Test Ban accordance, Outer outer space Treaty, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), SeabedArms Control Treaty, Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT, has not entered into force). These weapons not only are capable of killing millions of lives but also affect succeeding(a) generations, cause irreversible and irreparable damage to environment, drain resources of nations on non-productive activities. Secondly, there is an imminent threat of malign of these weapons by terrorist organizations and anti-human elements that can use it to kill thousands of innocent lives. Threat of possession of such weapons was a major reason for US attack on Iraq. Thirdly, such weapons lead to power struggles and pose a danger to establishment of world peace.Fourthly, even execrable nations spend a considerable amount of their scarce resources on production and storage of these weapons instead of using these resources for the welfare of their poor and undernourished citizens. Thus, based on the arguments to a higher place we can easily conclude, this world would have been a much better place, had there been no weapons of mass destruction. After all, the ever more sophisticated weapons piling up in the arsenals of the wealthiest and the mightiest can kill the illiterate, the ill, the poor and the hungry, but they cannot kill ignorance, illness, poverty or hunger. Wars may be fought with weapons, but they are won by men. It is the spirit of men who follow and of the man who leads that gains the victory. It is high time that the world shall bid goodbye to WMDs and make this world a much better place to live in.References1. http//www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/weapons.htmlw4hFA17ZzOdtj8bc.99 2. https//www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/weapons-of-mass-destruction 3. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_of_mass_destruction4. http//sangwhopark.blogspot.in/2011/11/18-what-invention-would-world-be-better.html

Data Based Question

During the eighteenth century in Manchester, life was inhospitable, sullen, and difficult. Bodily and manufacturing plant waste was strewn upon the courses, children were on the job(p) In dangerous conditions, and factories overcrowded Manchester. Due to all the toxic fumes and disgusting street waste, people were getting sick. Families had to have their children go to work instead of school because m adepty was hard to amaze by. Due to the increase in population in Manchester during the eighteenth century, many issues such(prenominal) as environmental health, wealth, and a population boom occurred in the social and political environments.She describes how magnificent things came out of hard, torturous labor. This inventory shows how awful the industrial revolution was at the time, but how finally, great things came out of it. Over time, working conditions change in the industrial Revolution. (William Abram, journal article,10) The condition of the factory laborers has been vas tly improved within the last pull of a century Reduced to ten hours a day Wages-thanks mainly to accelerated machinery and improved working conditions-have largely increasedSickness and mortality have been reduced to an extent that is almost incredible. This document shows the distinct points of views from different journalists. In the previous documents depicted, the Journalists have written about how awful life was in the Industrial Revolution, however this Journalist wrote from a positive point of view unbiased. This document expresses the idea that positive things lastly emerged from the dark despair of the Industrial Revolution. Due to the Industrial Revolution, a population boom occurred. W. H. Thomas, History of Manchester,l) The starting map shows about one sixth of Manchester under development. The second shows Just about all of Manchester cover in areas of development, railroads, and canals. This relates to my thesis by showing how the growth of laboring factories affe cted Manchester in the eighteenth century. Manchester, the shop class of the human Seat of commerce and manufacture, which it has recently attained and for which it is distinguished beyond any other township in the British Dominions or indeed the world. (Whelan and Co. , document 9) This comment is relevant to my thesis because it states how the Workshop of the World boomed and excelled because of the population and growth of industries in Due to the increase of population in Manchester during the eighteenth century, many reactions such as environmental health, wealth, and a population boom occurred in the social and political environments, but ultimately the industrial revolution lead to many great things for the world that changed history forever.The Industrial Revolution is portentous to our history because it lead to many new improvements for the world even though negative things such as poor health, child contemplated the idea of unifying the states. Due to the past wars a nd issues, the nations of Europe dealt with great conflict among one another regarding communism, trading, and alliance with distant countries. The people and countries of Europe were battered and broken from the war and great upkeep was taken among them all in fear of more strife and damage. Some nations were in favor of sensation and others were opposed to the idea of unifying the nations of Europe.

Burn (Quemada)

The 1969 movie released in archean January 1970, directed by Gillo Pontecorvo, with Marlon Brando, Evaristo Marquez, Norman Hill, Renato Salvatori as main cast is a story of an organized striver revolt on the Caribbean island of Quemada. Burn is k presentlyn as one of the greatest movies made on the subject of colonialism. Initially the movie had Spaniards in control of sugar alternate in the island but had to change it to Portuguese after Spain objected to it. The colonist rulers are shown to be in control of the profitable sugar plantation and trade at Quemada wiping out all the unmanageable elements that hindered their activities.The local workers at the plantation are replaced with black slaves trade from Africa to curtail the indigenous uprising. The most important is the role of a foreigner manipulator, the British Sir William Walker, shown as an just getting paid for creating war. The scenes are set in 1845 Caribbean island of Quemada where the British government sends a mercenary, Sir William Walker (Marlon Brando) for disrupting the Portuguese monopoly of sugar plantation in the colony.He also approaches some of the influential person on the island like businessman, chemise Sanchez (Renato Salvatori) and also midget laborer, Jose Dolores (Evaristo Marquez), a porter at the dock. Since most of the local businessmen are set interested in getting rid of the ruling Portuguese and are thus evoked by Walker to overthrow the ruling regime. Initially Walker persuades Dolores to organize a bank theft and murder several Portuguese soldiers. Following which Dolores forms a band of dacoits that is joined by many slaves from the local plantation.On the early(a) hand, Walker persuades Teddy to overthrow the Portuguese governor and liberate the island. Many of the local white population support the revolt too. The revolt ends successfully and slaves return to plantations. Walker later returns to England after completing his mission. tenner years later, Walker is contacted again by British Sugar Company complaining about Dolores meddlesome with the local businessmen. This time Walker is called to end the rebellion led by Dolores. This time he returns to the island lead story the British against the rebel Dolores, whom he himself created ten years back.His other old acquaintance, businessman Teddy Sanchez is now the governor of the island. Teddy reacting to Sir Walkers callous tactics gets killed in return and replaced by a military dictatorship. Walker also detains Dolores and asks him to leave the island. Dolores instead prefers to face execution and die for his cause. In the end, the locating comes under control of the British and everything seems to get in order. To everyones surprise, Walker gets killed by a petty dock porter while leaving the island. The movie is full of intrigues, secretive plots, dirty manipulation and rebellious warfare.The main character, Sir William Walker is shown always busy cheating all the groups o n the island. With his exceptional craftiness, Walker successfully turns a simple dock porter into a rebel. He meticulously persuades him to indulge in a bank robbery and successive massacre of the troops after which he foresees his logical transformation towards revolt. on side, Walker warns the white plantation owners about the suspected indigenous uprising and provokes them to curb it well earlier time. He thus works to ignites and keeps the flame of war burning throughout the movie.The struggle brings nothing for any party but to place the island in hands of the British, Walkers ultimate motive. The movie clear shows the motives of the business class, who in collaboration with the army exploits and deprives the peasant of their due rights. Burn is a real colonist political show, a well produced Italian historical drama on 112 minutes of deluxe color, has been Brandos best in the late 60s. The film is a fascinating piece of cinematic art and a good watch. Reference Pontecorvo , Gillo. Burn (Quemada). 1969 (Release Jan 1970). Les Productions Artistes Associes P. E. A. France

A Man’s Character Is His Fate to What Extent Is Othello’s Own Character?

A mans character is his fate. To what period is Othellos avow character the cause of his downfall? According to Aristotles Poetics, a classical sad hero should be renowned and prosperous, superior in some specific way, so that the reversal of fortunes or downfall, stirs up feelings within the audience of a greater intensity. Such disastrous egresss are often triggered by the mistake of the tragic hero due to their tragic flaw or hamartia, which is often linked to hubris or excessive pride.In Shakespeares Othello, as a General of the Venetian army, Othello meets these criteria, as his mistake is to trust secure Iago and convince himself that revenge upon Desdemona will lead to honour and success. In fact, as with most tragic heroes, it is this last which leads to his destruction. However, it is important to consider whether Othellos ruin was the inevitable result of the defects in his character or whether there were other forces, outside of his control, which led him to his do om.If it is solely Othellos hamartia which leads to his downfall, then it must be colligate to the change in his perception of Desdemona. In solve 1, when warned by Brabantio that Desdemona may also deceive Othello, Othello retorts stormily My life upon her faith The exclamation here shews the dedication and trust that Othello feels towards his newfound wife, nevertheless by Act 3, Othello is already beginning to doubt her By the world,/ I bedevil in mind my wife by honest, and I think she is non (3. 3. 389).Shakespeares use of cosmic imaging when Othello swears illustrates the magnitude of Othellos resentment at his own hesitation, as his judgement is usually impulsive, as in Aleppo, (5. 2. 361) when he knew immediately to smote him thus, as he was certain of his enemy, but in this case, doubt has impaired his vision and he is unsure who to trust his new wife or honest Iago. Othellos peripeteia occurs when he decides to trust Iago however, the audience are strike at this decision, as it is unclear what has changed his perception of Desdemona so that he condemns her as that cunning whore of Venice (4. . 88). several(prenominal) critics are of the opinion that it is jealousy that has clouded his judgement thus, and argue that this must be his hamartia. However, it is evenly accomplishable that Shakespeare has given Othello the fitness of character that Aristotle stated was an important feature of a tragic hero, as his authentic hamartia may be his value of the honour-shame culture which existed among European Elizabethan warriors, and is linked to the hubris common in tragic heroes.It can be argued that the shame induced by the idea of his wifes unfaithfulness results in his downfall, which Shakespeare expresses through animalistic imagery I had rather be a toad/ And have a go at it upon the vapour of a dungeon/ Than keep a corner in the thing I bask/ For others uses. Therefore, Desdemonas murder becomes an act of sacrificial love A murder whic h I thought a sacrifice (5. 2. 64) as he feels that else shell betray more men. Perhaps it is for this reason that, in his death scene, Othello says For cypher I did in hate, but all in honour (5. 2. 301) and calls himself An honourable murderer. Either way, thinkable flaws like these suggest that Othellos downfall was his own doing as much(prenominal) traits may have deter tapd him to trust Iago and murder Desdemona, actions which in his anagnorisis led to ingrained suffering, and caused him to commit suicide. Alternatively, Othellos impulsive and passionate character could also have contributed to his downfall, as this may have been his hamartia.This would fit the necessary consistency outlined by Aristotle, as the homogeneous passion and instantaneous response can be found in his reception to Brabantio in scene 1 as in the later scenes, in his immediate reaction to Iagos suggestive statements. At first Othello responds calmly Why dost thou ask? But the more ambiguous Iago is of such questions, the more it riles Othello and Shakespeare uses cosmic imagery when Othello swears such as By heaven, Ill know thy thoughts to demonstrate the value that Othello assigns to Iagos opinions.When Iago eventually suggests that Desdemona is dishonest, Othello trusts Iago to Give him the ocular proof (3. 3. 361), and some critics may argue that this reckless decision to trust Iago is proof that Othello is impulsive, causing him to make foolish decisions. It is for this reason that he accepts Iagos score of Cassios dream as the ocular proof even though Iago admits Tis a shrewd doubt, though it be but a dream Othello immediately reacts Ill tear her all to pieces (3. 3. 433).Shakespeare then uses unlit and malignant imagery to show Othellos passionate rage with phrases such as Arise subdued vengeance and tyrannous hate Such imagery would have been significant to an Elizabethan audience, as they considered the saturation white to symbolise purity and goodness, whe reas black had strong connotations of the devil, evil and uncleanness, thus highlighting the wickedness in Othellos disposition. Therefore, this can be used as evidence that Othello was only convinced byIagos unlikely suggestions because he was led by passion and impulse, being Perplexed in the extreme by rage, instinctively trusting Iago. The motif of blood that Shakespeare includes supports this O, blood, blood, blood (3. 3. 452) as it has connotations of violence, therefore foreshadowing the violence of the final act, in which the motif is repeated by Desdemona Some bloody passion shakes your very frame showing the alliance between Othellos hamartia and Desdemonas murder.On the other hand, it can be argued that Othellos downfall was not his own doing. In Act 3 scene 3, Shakespeare first suggests that Othello truly doubts Desdemona when he says, And yet how record erring from itself- (3. 3. 229) because he thinks that being white, Desdemona would prefer a white man like Cassio to himself. Such racial insecurities are highlighted in Othellos character throughout the nobble, and may be the reason behind the labor that he takes to impress people through his speech and experiences.However this line implies that Othellos doubt in Desdemona were the result of racial insecurities, and whilst they could be singular to him, the prejudices that existed against Moors in the Elizabethan era, and in the play suggest otherwise. Queen Elizabeth complained in 1601 of the great numbers of Negars and Blackamoors which are crept into this realm, 1 a feeling also expressed in the play when Othello is condemned as an old black ram (1. 1. 89) and a Barbary horse (1. 1. 111). Such animalistic metaphors emphasise the first-class honours degree opinion that Elizabethans had of Blackamoors, which may have been the root of Othellos downfall.Similarly, the unconventionality of Othellos marriage to Desdemona rebelled against Elizabethan ideology, being turnabout to nature as cri tic Karen Newman put it, which presented an obstacle in itself. Their marriage broke the natural recite causing chaos and consequently, as in most tragedies, this chaotic force had to be destroyed for rescript to be restored. Such ideals may be evidence that the couples ruin was inevitable, as to an Elizabethan audience, they symbolised the unnatural, chaotic force which must be overthrown.Alternatively, it is equally possible that although Othello had many flaws, it was Iago who acted as a accelerator by exposing them, thus causing Othellos downfall. Shakespeare frequently alludes to this through recurring motifs which show Iagos superpower of corruption, the first of these being poison. For example, when plotting, Iago refers to poison when he says Ill pour pestilence into his ear (2. 3. 346), and then in the final scene, Lodovico summarises the 3 corpses as poisons sight, thus demonstrating the link between Iagos manipulation and the vow of Othello and those around him.Shake speare builds upon this manipulation through the motif of turning, as Iago vows to turn her virtue into pitch (2. 3. 350), in the same way that Othello turns Turk through the metaphor in his final speech, an turbaned Turk traduced the state And smote him thus (5. 2. 349-52), and is evidence of Iagos success in turning Othello from a General into an enemy of the state. Similarly, the black and white imagery of virtue and pitch is repeated by Othello himself when referring to Desdemonas reputation begrimed and black/As mine own face. However, begrimed implies that both characters are stained, but as Desdemona is innocent, and Othellos inherited ethnicity determines his skin colour, the parable could relate to Iagos manipulation, and the darkness that he has brought upon the couple. This is mirrored by the transformation of Othellos language at one time grand verse depicting his former successes becomes sinister and dark, with animalistic imagery of goats, monkeys, toads, and poisono us snakes, and diabolic metaphors for Desdemona such as fair devil, which liken his language to that of Iago.These changes are evidence of the vital role of Iago in Othellos downfall, suggesting that Othellos flaws, although numerous, may not have been fatal. It is for this reason that the phrase Perplexed in the extreme in Othellos final soliloquy, can take on a double meaning, as although Othellos passionate emotions of jealousy, rage, and shame clouded his judgement, Iagos ability to manipulate, which Shakespeare has emphasised through his use of repeated motifs and imagery, could have been the other vital factor.It was this combination that influenced Othello to make the fatal and mistaken decision that Iagos suspicions were correct and consider that his honour would be regained if he took vengeance upon Desdemona. Iago was only successful because of Othellos hidden flaws, but equally Othellos flaws were deeply buried within him, allowing him to become a General of the Venetian army, proving that they were not fatal, but aroused by skilful manipulators like Iago. 1584 words Bibliography 1 = http//www. suite101. om/content/elizabeth-i-motives-for-expulsion-of-blackamoors-from-london-a248507 A. C. Bradley (1904) Shakespearian Tragedy, New York Palgrave Macmillan rim & Kent (2008) AQA AS English Literature B, Cheltenham Nelson Thornes Marian Cox (2003) AS/ A-Level Student Text Guide, Othello, William Shakespeare Oxfordshire Phillip Allan Updates http//www2. cnr. edu/home/bmcmanus/poetics. hypertext markup language http//www. britaininprint. net/shakespeare/study_tools/race. html William Shakespeare (2003) Othello Edited by Norman Sanders Cambridge Cambridge University Press

Check List for Project Finance Essay

1. Brief description of every project helper company history, establishment date, legal form, ownership, subsidiaries, core activities. Data on sponsors experience in the troops country and in the projects industry. Explanation of how the project relates to the sponsors strategical direction/goals.2. Annual reports of the past three historic period for every project sponsor. Additional requirements in the eccentric person of project finance for activities in existing plants detailed structured data for the past three years and budgets for the next five years on revenues (including a breakdown of merchandise versus domestic foreign silver revenues if any, for countries with non-convertible currency revenue mix by customer, country, and product) and expenses (in detail in the case of non-convertible currencies, these need to be separate separately).3. Summary of the project concerned, including name, location, purpose, organisational form, ownership, equity, security structure , status of licenses/approvals, local partners, marketing and distribution, financing.4. Brief characterisation of the role of the military country. For projects with currencies that are not completely freely convertible description of the measures to avoid convertibility and transfer risk (including escrow accounts).5. nonrepresentational representation of the scram structure and the significant existing or intended contractual relationships and security.6.List of references of the general affirmer and/or most important suppliers as far as known list of references of comparable projects to entry the proven technological feasibility and the experience in the sector and host country.7.Information on operator/ trouble company Company history, ownership, core activities, list of references, documentation of relevant experience in industry and host country.8.Independent feasibility study reporting on the projects economic and financial viability and political and environmental acce ptability. Information on the level of expertise of the advisers/experts used in terms of subject area and geographic region, as it relates to the project (list of references).9.The following information, if not already included in the feasibility studya) skillful description, geological period sheet, layoutb) Detailed derivation of estimated operating costs (price and quantity details)c)Procurement situation for raw materials and supplies, including corresponding contract documentsd) Description of the management, training of staff, staff costs and qualificationse) Environmental aspects, environmental impact assessment report, required environmental approvals and environmental measures, general description of location and emphasis on its specific relevant features, socio-economic and socio-cultural aspects. Also realize our detailed requirements for the environmental review.f) Discussion of the amounts and appropriateness of the investment value and the risks regarding time and cost overruns.g) Timetable for construction and commissioning, milestonesh) grocery store information on the projects products/services, including the price and volume trends for the past 5 to 10 years competitive situation, current and future supply and demand situation forecast, identification and geographic location of principal(prenominal) customers marketing and logistics strategy description of the planned marketing activities and off-take agreements (e.g. take-or-pay agreements)i) Detailed project costs, broken down by main categories of the key construction and commissioning cost items, interest over construction period, financing of work capitalj) Projected procurement of funds, including source, amount, currency, time of inputk) Cash flow projection over the quittance term of the requested export-credit-insured loan (including sensitivity analysis a realistic base scenario, an optimistic and a pessimistic scenario), explanation of how any cash deficits will be coveredl ) Derivation and assumptions of the cash flow projection, including basis for sales quantity and prices, operating and administrative expenses, depreciation, amortization and impairment losses, taxes, inflation, exchange rate movements, export licenses, influence of local government.